Fig. 1-1 Graphic Relationships of SI Units with Names

TABLE 1-1



SI Base and Supplementary Quantities and Units



Quantity or “dimension”

Base quantity or “dimension”

length

mass

time

electric current

thermodynamic temperature

amount of substance

luminous intensity

Supplementary quantity or “dimension”

plane angle

solid angle



SI unit



SI unit symbol

(“abbreviation”);

Use roman

(upright) type



meter

kilogram

second

ampere

kelvin

mole*

candela



m

kg

s

A

K

mol

cd



radian

steradian



rad

sr



* When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified; they may

be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such

particles.



TABLE 1-2a Derived Units of SI that Have Special Names

Quantity



Unit



Symbol



Formula



frequency (of a periodic phenomenon)

force

pressure, stress

energy, work, quantity of heat

power, radiant flux

quantity of electricity, electric charge

electric potential, potential difference,

electromotive force

capacitance

electric resistance

conductance

magnetic flux

magnetic-flux density

inductance

luminous flux

illuminance

activity (of radionuclides)

absorbed dose



hertz

newton

pascal

joule

watt

coulomb

volt



Hz

N

Pa

J

W

C

V



l/s

(kg⋅m)/s2

N/m2

N⋅m

J/s

A⋅s

W/A



farad

ohm

siemens

weber

tesla

henry

lumen

lux

becquerel

gray



F

Ω

S

Wb

T

H

lm

lx

Bq

Gy



C/V

V/A

A/V

V⋅s

Wb/m2

Wb/A

cd⋅sr

lm/m2

l/s

J/kg



TABLE 1-2b Additional Common Derived Units of SI

Quantity



Unit



acceleration

angular acceleration

angular velocity

area

concentration (of amount of

substance)

current density

density, mass

electric-charge density

electric-field strength

electric-flux density

energy density

entropy

heat capacity

heat-flux density,

irradiance

luminance

magnetic-field strength

molar energy

molar entropy

molar-heat capacity

moment of force

permeability

permittivity

radiance



meter per second squared

radian per second squared

radian per second

square meter

mole per cubic meter



m/s2

rad/s2

rad/s

m2

mol/m3



ampere per square meter

kilogram per cubic meter

coulomb per cubic meter

volt per meter

coulomb per square meter

joule per cubic meter

joule per kelvin

joule per kelvin

watt per square meter



A/m2

kg/m3

C/m3

V/m

C/m2

J/m3

J/K

J/K

W/m2



candela per square meter

ampere per meter

joule per mole

joule per mole-kelvin

joule per mole-kelvin

newton-meter

henry per meter

farad per meter

watt per square-metersteradian

watt per steradian

joule per kilogram-kelvin

joule per kilogram

joule per kilogram-kelvin

cubic meter per kilogram

newton per meter

watt per meter-kelvin

meter per second

pascal-second

square meter per second

cubic meter

1 per meter



cd/m2

A/m

J/mol

J/(mol⋅K)

J/(mol⋅K)

N⋅m

H/m

F/m

W/(m2⋅sr)



radiant intensity

specific-heat capacity

specific energy

specific entropy

specific volume

surface tension

thermal conductivity

velocity

viscosity, dynamic

viscosity, kinematic

volume

wave number



TABLE 1-3



Symbol



W/sr

J/(kg⋅K)

J/kg

J/(kg⋅K)

m3/kg

N/m

W/(m⋅K)

m/s

Pa⋅s

m2/s

m3

1/m



SI Prefixes



Multiplication factor



Prefix



Symbol



000 = 1018

000 = 1015

000 = 1012

000 = 109

000 = 106

000 = 103

100 = 102

10 = 101

0.1 = 10−1

0.01 = 10−2

0.001 = 10−3

0.000 001 = 10−6

0.000 000 001 = 10−9

0.000 000 000 001 = 10−12

0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10−15

0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10−18



exa

peta

tera

giga

mega

kilo

hecto*

deka*

deci*

centi

milli

micro

nano

pico

femto

atto



E

P

T

G

M

k

h

da

d

c

m

µ

n

p

f

a



1 000 000 000

1 000 000

1 000

1



000

000

000

000

1



000

000

000

000

000

1



*Generally to be avoided.



1-3



TABLE 1-4



Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units

Customary or commonly

used unit



Quantity



SI unit



Alternate

SI unit



Conversion factor; multiply

customary unit by factor to

obtain SI unit



Space,† time

Length



naut mi

mi

chain

link

fathom

yd

ft



1.852*

E + 00

1.609 344* E + 00

2.011 68* E + 01

2.011 68* E − 01

1.828 8* E + 00

9.144*

E − 01

3.048*

E − 01

3.048*

E + 01

2.54*

E + 01

2.54

E + 00

2.54*

E + 01



in

in

mil



km

km

m

m

m

m

m

cm

mm

cm

µm



Length/length



ft/mi



m/km



1.893 939 E − 01



Length/volume



ft/U.S. gal

ft/ft3

ft/bbl



m/m3

m/m3

m/m3



8.051 964 E + 01

1.076 391 E + 01

1.917 134 E + 00



Area



mi2

section

acre

ha

yd2

ft2

in2



km2

ha

ha

m2

m2

m2

mm2

cm2



2.589 988 E + 00

2.589 988 E + 02

4.046 856 E − 01

1.000 000* E + 04

8.361 274 E − 01

9.290 304* E − 02

6.451 6* E + 02

6.451 6* E + 00



Area/volume



ft2/in3

ft2/ft3



m2/cm3

m2/m3



5.699 291 E − 03

3.280 840 E + 00



Volume



cubem

acre⋅ft



km3

m3

ha⋅m

m3

m3

m3

dm3

m3

dm3

m3

dm3

dm3

dm3

dm3

cm3

cm3

cm3



4.168 182

1.233 482

1.233 482

7.645 549

1.589 873

2.831 685

2.831 685

4.546 092

4.546 092

3.785 412

3.785 412

1.136 523

9.463 529

4.731 765

2.841 307

2.957 353

1.638 706



yd3

bbl (42 U.S. gal)

ft3

U.K. gal

U.S. gal

U.K. qt

U.S. qt

U.S. pt

U.K. fl oz

U.S. fl oz

in3



L

L

L

L

L

L



E + 00

E + 03

E − 01

E − 01

E − 01

E − 02

E + 01

E − 03

E + 00

E − 03

E + 00

E + 00

E − 01

E − 01

E + 01

E + 01

E + 01



Volume/length (linear

displacement)



bbl/in

bbl/ft

ft3/ft

U.S. gal/ft



m3m

m3/m

m3/m

m3/m

L/m



6.259 342 E + 00

5.216 119 E − 01

9.290 304* E − 02

1.241 933 E − 02

1.241 933 E + 01



Plane angle



rad

deg (°)

min (′)

sec (″)



rad

rad

rad

rad



1

1.745 329 E − 02

2.908 882 E − 04

4.848 137 E − 06



Solid angle



sr



sr



1



Time



year

week

h



a

d

s

min

s

h

ns



1

7.0*

3.6*

6.0*

6.0*

1.666 667

1



E + 00

E + 03

E + 01

E + 01

E − 02



1.016 047

9.071 847

5.080 234

4.535 924

4.535 924

3.110 348

2.834 952

6.479 891



E + 00

E − 01

E + 01

E + 01

E − 01

E + 01

E + 01

E + 01



min

mµs

Mass, amount of substance

Mass



1-4



U.K. ton

U.S. ton

U.K. cwt

U.S. cwt

lbm

oz (troy)

oz (av)

gr



Mg

Mg

kg

kg

kg

g

g

mg



t

t



TABLE 1-4



Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )

Customary or commonly

used unit



Quantity

Amount of substance



lbm⋅mol

std m3(0°C, 1 atm)

std ft3 (60°F, 1 atm)



SI unit



Alternate

SI unit



Conversion factor; multiply

customary unit by factor to

obtain SI unit

4.535 924 E − 01

4.461 58 E − 02

1.195 30 E − 03



kmol

kmol

kmol



Enthalpy, calorific value, heat, entropy, heat capacity

Calorific value, enthalpy

(mass basis)



Btu/lbm

cal/g

cal/lbm



MJ/kg

kJ/kg

kWh/kg

kJ/kg

J/kg



Caloric value, enthalpy

(mole basis)



kcal/(g⋅mol)

Btu/(lb⋅mol)



kJ/kmol

kJ/kmol



Calorific value (volume

basis—solids and liquids)



Btu/U.S. gal



MJ/m3

kJ/m3

kWh/m3

MJ/m3

kJ/m3

kWh/m3

MJ/m3

kJ/m3

kWh/m3

MJ/m3

kJ/m3



kJ/dm3



Btu/U.K. gal

Btu/ft3



cal/mL

(ft⋅lbf)/U.S. gal



J/g

J/g



2.326 000

2.326 000

6.461 112

4.184*

9.224 141



E − 03

E + 00

E − 04

E + 00

E + 00



4.184*

E + 03

2.326 000 E + 00



kJ/dm3

kJ/dm3



2.787 163

2.787 163

7.742 119

2.320 800

2.320 800

6.446 667

3.725 895

3.725 895

1.034 971

4.184*

3.581 692



E − 01

E + 02

E − 02

E − 01

E + 02

E − 02

E − 02

E + 01

E − 02

E + 00

E − 01



Calorific value (volume

basis—gases)



cal/mL

kcal/m3

Btu/ft3



kJ/m3

kJ/m3

kJ/m3

kWh/m3



J/dm3

J/dm3

J/dm3



4.184*

4.184*

3.725 895

1.034 971



E + 03

E + 00

E + 01

E − 02



Specific entropy



Btu/(lbm⋅°R)

cal/(g⋅K)

kcal/(kg⋅°C)



kJ/(kg⋅K)

kJ/(kg⋅K)

kJ/(kg⋅K)



J/(g⋅K)

J/(g⋅K)

J/(g⋅K)



4.186 8*

4.184*

4.184*



E + 00

E + 00

E + 00



Specific-heat capacity (mass

basis)



kWh/(kg⋅°C)

Btu/(lbm⋅°F)

kcal/(kg⋅°C)



kJ/(kg⋅K)

kJ/(kg⋅K)

kJ/(kg⋅K)



J/(g⋅K)

J/(g⋅K)

J/(g⋅K)



3.6*

4.186 8*

4.184*



E + 03

E + 00

E + 00



Specific-heat capacity (mole

basis)



Btu/(lb⋅mol⋅°F)

cal/(g⋅mol⋅°C)



kJ/(kmol⋅K)

kJ/(kmol⋅K)



4.186 8*

4.184*



E + 00

E + 00



Temperature (absolute)



°R

K



K

K



5/9

1



Temperature (traditional)



°F



°C



5/9(°F − 32)



Temperature (difference)



°F



K, °C



5/9



Pressure



atm (760 mmHg at 0°C or 14,696 psi)



µmHg (0°C)

µ bar

mmHg = torr (0°C)

cmH2O (4°C)

lbf/ft2 (psf)

mHg (0°C)

bar

dyn/cm2



MPa

kPa

bar

MPa

kPa

MPa

kPa

bar

kPa

kPa

kPa

kPa

kPa

Pa

Pa

Pa



1.013 250* E − 01

1.013 250* E + 02

1.013 250* E + 00

1.0*

E − 01

1.0*

E + 02

6.894 757 E − 03

6.894 757 E + 00

6.894 757 E − 02

3.376 85 E + 00

2.488 4

E − 01

1.333 224 E − 01

9.806 38 E − 02

4.788 026 E − 02

1.333 224 E − 01

1.0*

E + 05

1.0*

E − 01



Vacuum, draft



inHg (60°F)

inH2O (39.2°F)

inH2O (60°F)

mmHg (0°C) = torr

cmH2O (4°C)



kPa

kPa

kPa

kPa

kPa



3.376 85

2.490 82

2.488 4

1.333 224

9.806 38



E + 00

E − 01

E − 01

E − 01

E − 02



Liquid head



ft

in



m

mm

cm



3.048*

2.54*

2.54*



E − 01

E + 01

E + 00



Pressure drop/length



psi/ft



kPa/m



2.262 059 E + 01



Temperature, pressure, vacuum



bar

mmHg (0°C) = torr



1-5



TABLE 1-4



Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )

Customary or commonly

used unit



Quantity



SI unit



Alternate

SI unit



Conversion factor; multiply

customary unit by factor to

obtain SI unit



Density, specific volume, concentration, dosage

kg/m3

g/m3

kg/m3

g/cm3

kg/m3

kg/m3

g/cm3

kg/m3

kg/m3



1.601 846

1.601 846

1.198 264

1.198 264

9.977 633

1.601 846

1.601 846

1.0*

1.601 846



E + 01

E + 04

E + 02

E − 01

E + 01

E + 01

E − 02

E + 03

E + 01



ft /lbm

U.K. gal/lbm

U.S. gal/lbm



m3/kg

m3/g

dm3/kg

dm3/kg

dm3/kg



6.242 796

6.242 796

6.242 796

1.002 242

8.345 404



E − 02

E − 05

E + 01

E + 01

E + 00



Specific volume (mole basis)



L/(g⋅mol)

ft3/(lb⋅mol)



m3/kmol

m3/kmol



1

6.242 796 E − 02



Specific volume



bbl/U.S. ton

bbl/U.K. ton



m3/t

m3/t



1.752 535 E − 01

1.564 763 E − 01



Yield



bbl/U.S. ton

bbl/U.K. ton

U.S. gal/U.S. ton

U.S. gal/U.K. ton



dm3/t

dm3/t

dm3/t

dm3/t



Concentration (mass/mass)



wt %

wt ppm



kg/kg

g/kg

mg/kg



lbm/bbl

g/U.S. gal

g/U.K. gal

lbm/1000 U.S. gal

lbm/1000 U.K. gal

gr/U.S. gal

gr/ft3

lbm/1000 bbl

mg/U.S. gal

gr/100 ft3



kg/m3

kg/m3

kg/m3

g/m3

g/m3

g/m3

mg/m3

g/m3

g/m3

mg/m3



ft3/ft3

bbl/(acre⋅ft)

vol%

U.K. gal/ft3

U.S. gal/ft3

mL/U.S. gal

mL/U.K. gal

vol ppm

U.K. gal/1000 bbl

U.S. gal/1000 bbl

U.K. pt/1000 bbl



m3/m3

m3/m3

m3/m3

dm3/m3

dm3/m3

dm3/m3

dm3/m3

cm3/m3

dm3/m3

cm3/m3

cm3/m3

cm3/m3



Concentration (mole/volume)



(lb⋅mol)/U.S. gal

(lb⋅mol)/U.K. gal

(lb⋅mol)/ft3

std ft3 (60°F, 1 atm)/bbl



kmol/m3

kmol/m3

kmol/m3

kmol/m3



Concentration (volume/mole)



U.S. gal/1000 std ft3 (60°F/60°F)

bbl/million std ft3 (60°F/60°F)



dm3/kmol

dm3/kmol



Throughput (mass basis)



U.K. ton/year

U.S. ton/year

U.K. ton/day



Density



lbm/ft3

lbm/U.S. gal

lbm/U.K. gal

lbm/ft3

g/cm3

lbm/ft3



Specific volume



ft3/lbm

3



Concentration (mass/volume)



Concentration (volume/volume)



cm3/g

cm3/g



g/dm3

g/L

mg/dm3

mg/dm3

mg/dm3

mg/dm3

mg/dm3



L/m3

L/m3

L/m3

L/m3

L/m3



1.752 535

1.564 763

4.172 702

3.725 627



E + 02

E + 02

E + 00

E + 00



1.0*

1.0*

1



L/t

L/t

L/t

L/t



E − 02

E + 01



2.853 010

2.641 720

2.199 692

1.198 264

9.977 633

1.711 806

2.288 351

2.853 010

2.641 720

2.288 351



E + 00

E − 01

E − 01

E + 02

E + 01

E + 01

E + 03

E + 00

E − 01

E + 01



1

1.288 931

1.0*

1.605 437

1.336 806

2.641 720

2.199 692

1

1.0*

2.859 403

2.380 952

3.574 253



E − 04

E − 02

E + 02

E + 02

E − 01

E − 01

E − 03

E + 01

E + 01

E + 00



1.198 264

9.977 644

1.601 846

7.518 21

L/kmol

L/kmol



E + 02

E + 01

E + 01

E − 03



3.166 91

1.330 10



E + 00

E − 01



1.016 047

9.071 847

1.016 047

4.233 529

9.071 847

3.779 936

1.016 047

9.071 847

4.535 924



E + 00

E − 01

E + 00

E − 02

E − 01

E − 02

E + 00

E − 01

E − 01



Facility throughput, capacity



U.S. ton/day

U.K. ton/h

U.S. ton/h

lbm/h



1-6



t/a

t/a

t/d

t/h

t/d

t/h

t/h

t/h

kg/h



TABLE 1-4



Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )

Customary or commonly

used unit



Quantity

Throughput (volume basis)



bbl/day



SI unit



Alternate

SI unit



Conversion factor; multiply

customary unit by factor to

obtain SI unit

E + 01

E − 01

E − 03

E − 01

E − 02

E − 03

E − 03

E − 03

E − 03

E − 01

E − 02

E − 01

E − 02



t/a

m3/d

m3/h

m3/h

m3/h

m3/h

L/s

m3/h

L/s

m3/h

L/s

m3/h

L/s



ft /day

bbl/h

ft3/h

U.K. gal/h

U.S. gal/h

U.K. gal/min

U.S. gal/min



5.803 036

1.589 873

1.179 869

1.589 873

2.831 685

4.546 092

1.262 803

3.785 412

1.051 503

2.727 655

7.576 819

2.271 247

6.309 020



kmol/h

kmol/s



3



4.535 924 E − 01

1.259 979 E − 04



Throughput (mole basis)



(lbm⋅mol)/h



Flow rate (mass basis)



U.K. ton/min

U.S. ton/min

U.K. ton/h

U.S. ton/h

U.K. ton/day

U.S. ton/day

million lbm/year

U.K. ton/year

U.S. ton/year

lbm/s

lbm/min

lbm/h



kg/s

kg/s

kg/s

kg/s

kg/s

kg/s

kg/s

kg/s

kg/s

kg/s

kg/s

kg/s



1.693 412

1.511 974

2.822 353

2.519 958

1.175 980

1.049 982

5.249 912

3.221 864

2.876 664

4.535 924

7.559 873

1.259 979



E + 01

E + 01

E − 01

E − 01

E − 02

E − 02

E + 00

E − 05

E − 05

E − 01

E − 03

E − 04



Flow rate (volume basis)



bbl/day



U.K. gal/h

U.S. gal/h

U.K. gal/min

U.S. gal/min

ft3/min

ft3/s



m3/d

L/s

m3/d

L/s

m3/s

L/s

m3/s

L/s

dm3/s

dm3/s

dm3/s

dm3/s

dm3/s

dm3/s



1.589 873

1.840 131

2.831 685

3.277 413

4.416 314

4.416 314

7.865 791

7.865 791

1.262 803

1.051 503

7.576 820

6.309 020

4.719 474

2.831 685



E − 01

E − 03

E − 02

E − 04

E − 05

E − 02

E − 06

E − 03

E − 03

E − 03

E − 02

E − 02

E − 01

E + 01



Flow rate (mole basis)



(lb⋅mol)/s

(lb⋅mol)/h

million scf/D



kmol/s

kmol/s

kmol/s



4.535 924 E − 01

1.259 979 E − 04

1.383 45 E − 02



Flow rate/length (mass basis)



lbm/(s⋅ft)

lbm/(h⋅ft)



kg/(s⋅m)

kg/(s⋅m)



1.488 164 E + 00

4.133 789 E − 04



Flow rate/length (volume basis)



U.K. gal/(min⋅ft)

U.S. gal/(min⋅ft)

U.K. gal/(h⋅in)

U.S. gal/(h⋅in)

U.K. gal/(h⋅ft)

U.S. gal/(h⋅ft)



m2/s

m2/s

m2/s

m2/s

m2/s

m2/s



Flow rate/area (mass basis)



lbm/(s⋅ft2)

lbm/(h⋅ft2)



kg/(s⋅m2)

kg/(s⋅m2)



Flow rate/area (volume basis)



ft3/(s⋅ft2)

ft3/(min⋅ft2)

U.K. gal/(h⋅in2)

U.S. gal/(h⋅in2)

U.K. gal/(min⋅ft2)

U.S. gal/(min⋅ft2)

U.K. gal/(h⋅ft2)

U.S. gal/(h⋅ft2)



m/s

m/s

m/s

m/s

m/s

m/s

m/s

m/s



Flow rate



3



ft /day

bbl/h

ft3/h



L/s

L/s

L/s

L/s

L/s

L/s



m3/(s⋅m)

m3/(s⋅m)

m3/(s⋅m)

m3/(s⋅m)

m3/(s⋅m)

m3/(s⋅m)



2.485 833

2.069 888

4.971 667

4.139 776

4.143 055

3.449 814



E − 04

E − 04

E − 05

E − 05

E − 06

E − 06



4.882 428 E + 00

1.356 230 E − 03

m3/(s⋅m2)

m3/(s⋅m2)

m3/(s⋅m2)

m3/(s⋅m2)

m3/(s⋅m2)

m3/(s⋅m2)

m3/(s⋅m2)

m3/(s⋅m2)



3.048*

5.08*

1.957 349

1.629 833

8.155 621

6.790 972

1.359 270

1.131 829



E − 01

E − 03

E − 03

E − 03

E − 04

E − 04

E − 05

E − 05



1-7



TABLE 1-4



Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )

Customary or commonly

used unit



Quantity



SI unit



Alternate

SI unit



Conversion factor; multiply

customary unit by factor to

obtain SI unit



Energy, work, power

Energy, work



therm



E + 02

E + 05

E + 01

E + 01

E + 00

E + 03

E − 01

E + 00

E + 03

E − 01

E + 00

E + 03

E + 00

E − 04

E + 00

E − 04

E + 00

E − 03

E − 03

E − 03

E − 03

E − 05

E − 07



kcal

cal

ft⋅lbf

lbf⋅ft

J

(lbf⋅ft2)/s2

erg



MJ

kJ

kWh

MJ

MJ

kJ

kWh

MJ

kJ

kWh

MJ

kJ

kJ

kWh

kJ

kWh

kJ

kJ

kJ

kJ

kJ

kJ

J



1.055 056

1.055 056

2.930 711

1.431 744

2.684 520

2.684 520

7.456 999

2.647 780

2.647 780

7.354 999

3.6*

3.6*

1.899 101

5.275 280

1.055 056

2.930 711

4.184*

4.184*

1.355 818

1.355 818

1.0*

4.214 011

1.0*



Impact energy



kgf⋅m

lbf⋅ft



J

J



9.806 650* E + 00

1.355 818 E + 00



Surface energy



erg/cm2



mJ/m2



1.0*



Specific-impact energy



(kgf⋅m)/cm2

(lbf⋅ft)/in2



J/cm2

J/cm2



9.806 650* E − 02

2.101 522 E − 03



Power



million Btu/h

ton of refrigeration

Btu/s

kW

hydraulic horsepower—hhp

hp (electric)

hp [(550 ft⋅lbf)/s]

ch or CV

Btu/min

(ft⋅lbf)/s

kcal/h

Btu/h

(ft⋅lbf)/min



MW

kW

kW

kW

kW

kW

kW

kW

kW

kW

W

W

W



2.930 711

3.516 853

1.055 056

1

7.460 43

7.46*

7.456 999

7.354 999

1.758 427

1.355 818

1.162 222

2.930 711

2.259 697



Power/area



Btu/(s⋅ft2)

cal/(h⋅cm2)

Btu/(h⋅ft2)



kW/m2

kW/m2

kW/m2



1.135 653 E + 01

1.162 222 E − 02

3.154 591 E − 03



Heat-release rate, mixing power



hp/ft3

cal/(h⋅cm3)

Btu/(s⋅ft3)

Btu/(h⋅ft3)



kW/m3

kW/m3

kW/m3

kW/m3



2.633 414

1.162 222

3.725 895

1.034 971



U.S. tonf⋅mi

hp⋅h

ch⋅h or CV⋅h

kWh

Chu

Btu



E + 00



E − 01

E + 00

E + 00

E − 01

E − 01

E − 01

E − 01

E − 02

E − 03

E + 00

E − 01

E − 02



E + 01

E + 00

E + 01

E − 02



3.930 148 E − 01



Cooling duty (machinery)



Btu/(bhp⋅h)



W/kW



Specific fuel consumption (mass

basis)



lbm/(hp⋅h)



mg/J

kg/kWh



kg/MJ



1.689 659 E − 01

6.082 774 E − 01



Specific fuel consumption (volume

basis)



m3/kWh

U.S. gal/(hp⋅h)

U.K. pt/(hp⋅h)



dm3/MJ

dm3/MJ

dm3/MJ



mm3/J

mm3/J

mm3/J



2.777 778 E + 02

1.410 089 E + 00

2.116 806 E − 01



Fuel consumption



U.K. gal/mi

U.S. gal/mi

mi/U.S. gal

mi/U.K. gal



dm3/100 km

dm3/100 km

km/dm3

km/dm3



L/100 km

L/100 km

km/L

km/L



2.824 807

2.352 146

4.251 437

3.540 064



1-8



E + 02

E + 02

E − 01

E − 01



TABLE 1-4



Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )

Customary or commonly

used unit



Quantity



SI unit



Alternate

SI unit



Conversion factor; multiply

customary unit by factor to

obtain SI unit



in/s

in/min



km/h

km/h

m/s

cm/s

m/s

mm/s

mm/s

m/d

mm/s

mm/s



1.852*

E + 00

1.609 344* E + 00

3.048*

E − 01

3.048*

E + 01

5.08*

E − 03

8.466 667 E − 02

3.527 778 E − 03

3.048*

E − 01

2.54*

E + 01

4.233 333 E − 01



Corrosion rate



in/year (ipy)

mil/year



mm/a

mm/a



2.54*

2.54*



Rotational frequency



r/min



r/s

rad/s



1.666 667 E − 02

1.047 198 E − 01



Acceleration (linear)



ft/s2



m/s2

cm/s2



3.048*

3.048*



Acceleration (rotational)



rpm/s



rad/s2



1.047 198 E − 01



Momentum



(lbm⋅ft)/s



(kg⋅m)/s



1.382 550 E − 01



Force



U.K. tonf

U.S. tonf

kgf (kp)

lbf

dyn



kN

kN

N

N

mN



9.964 016 E + 00

8.896 443 E + 00

9.806 650* E + 00

4.448 222 E + 00

1.0

E − 02



Bending moment, torque



U.S. tonf⋅ft

kgf⋅m

lbf⋅ft

lbf⋅in



kN⋅m

N⋅m

N⋅m

N⋅m



2.711 636 E + 00

9.806 650* E + 00

1.355 818 E + 00

1.129 848 E − 01



Bending moment/length



(lbf⋅ft)/in

(lbf⋅in)/in



(N⋅m)/m

(N⋅m)/m



5.337 866 E + 01

4.448 222 E + 00



Moment of inertia



lbm⋅ft2



Velocity (linear), speed



knot

mi/h

ft/s

ft/min

ft/h

ft/day



MPa

MPa

MPa

MPa

kPa

Pa



E − 01

E + 01



4.214 011 E − 02



kg⋅m2

2



E + 01

E − 02



N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2

N/mm2



1.378 951 E + 01

9.806 650* E + 00

9.576 052 E − 02

6.894 757 E − 03

4.788 026 E − 02

1.0*

E − 01



Stress



U.S. tonf/in

kgf/mm2

U.S. tonf/ft2

lbf/in2 (psi)

lbf/ft2 (psf)

dyn/cm2



Mass/length



lbm/ft



kg/m



1.488 164 E + 00



Mass/area structural loading,

bearing capacity (mass

basis)



U.S. ton/ft2

lbm/ft2



Mg/m2

kg/m2



9.764 855 E + 00

4.882 428 E + 00



Diffusivity



ft2/s

m2/s

ft2/h



m2/s

mm2/s

m2/s



9.290 304* E − 02

1.0*

E + 06

2.580 64* E − 05



Thermal resistance



(°C⋅m2⋅h)/kcal

(°F⋅ft2⋅h)/Btu



(K⋅m2)/kW

(K⋅m2)/kW



8.604 208 E + 02

1.761 102 E + 02



Heat flux



Btu/(h⋅ft2)



kW/m2



3.154 591 E − 03



Thermal conductivity



(cal⋅cm)/(s⋅cm ⋅°C)

(Btu⋅ft)/(h⋅ft2⋅°F)



W/(m⋅K)

W/(m⋅K)

(kJ⋅m)/(h⋅m2⋅K)

W/(m⋅K)

W/(m⋅K)

W/(m⋅K)



4.184*

1.730 735

6.230 646

1.162 222

1.442 279

1.162 222



E + 02

E + 00

E + 00

E + 00

E − 01

E − 01



kW/(m2⋅K)

kW/(m2⋅K)

kW/(m2⋅K)

kW/(m2⋅K)

kJ/(h⋅m2⋅K)

kW/(m2⋅K)

kW/(m2⋅K)



4.184*

2.044 175

1.162 222

5.678 263

2.044 175

5.678 263

1.162 222



E + 01

E + 01

E − 02

E − 03

E + 01

E − 03

E − 03



Miscellaneous transport properties



2



(kcal⋅m)/(h⋅m2⋅°C)

(Btu⋅in)/(h⋅ft2⋅°F)

(cal⋅cm)/(h⋅cm2⋅°C)

Heat-transfer coefficient



cal/(s⋅cm2⋅°C)

Btu/(s⋅ft2⋅°F)

cal/(h⋅cm2⋅°C)

Btu/(h⋅ft2⋅°F)

Btu/(h⋅ft2⋅°R)

kcal/(h⋅m2⋅°C)



1-9



TABLE 1-4



Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )

Customary or commonly

used unit



Quantity



SI unit



Alternate

SI unit



kW/(m3⋅K)

kW/(m3⋅K)



Conversion factor; multiply

customary unit by factor to

obtain SI unit



Volumetric heat-transfer

coefficient



Btu/(s⋅ft3⋅°F)

Btu/(h⋅ft3⋅°F)



6.706 611 E + 01

1.862 947 E − 02



Surface tension



dyn/cm



mN/m



Viscosity (dynamic)



(lbf⋅s)/in2

(lbf⋅s)/ft2

(kgf⋅s)/m2

lbm/(ft⋅s)

(dyn⋅s)/cm2

cP

lbm/(ft⋅h)



Pa⋅s

Pa⋅s

Pa⋅s

Pa⋅s

Pa⋅s

Pa⋅s

Pa⋅s



Viscosity (kinematic)



ft2/s

in2/s

m2/h

ft2/h

cSt



m2/s

mm2/s

mm2/s

m2/s

mm2/s



9.290 304* E − 02

6.451 6* E + 02

2.777 778 E + 02

2.580 64* E − 05

1



Permeability



darcy

millidarcy



µm2

µm2



9.869 233 E − 01

9.869 233 E − 04



Thermal flux



Btu/(h⋅ft2)

Btu/(s⋅ft2)

cal/(s⋅cm2)



W/m2

W/m2

W/m2



3.152

1.135

4.184



E + 00

E + 04

E + 04



Mass-transfer coefficient



(lb⋅mol)/[h⋅ft2(lb⋅mol/ft3)]

(g⋅mol)/[s⋅m2(g⋅mol/L)]



m/s

m/s



8.467

1.0



E − 05

E + 01



Admittance



S



S



1



Capacitance



µF



µF



1



Charge density



C/mm3



C/mm3



1



Conductance



S



S

S



1

1



1

(N⋅s)/m2

(N⋅s)/m2

(N⋅s)/m2

(N⋅s)/m2

(N⋅s)/m2

(N⋅s)/m2

(N⋅s)/m2



6.894 757 E + 03

4.788 026 E + 01

9.806 650* E + 00

1.488 164 E + 00

1.0*

E − 01

1.0*

E − 03

4.133 789 E − 04



Electricity, magnetism



(mho)



⍀



Conductivity



S/m

/m

m /m



S/m

S/m

mS/m



1

1

1



Current density



A/mm2



A/mm2



1



⍀



⍀



2



Displacement



C/cm



C/cm2



1



Electric charge



C



C



1



Electric current



A



A



1



Electric-dipole moment



C⋅m



C⋅m



1



Electric-field strength



V/m



V/m



1



Electric flux



C



C



1



Electric polarization



C/cm2



C/cm2



1



Electric potential



V

mV



V

mV



1

1



Electromagnetic moment



A⋅m2



A⋅m2



1



Electromotive force



V



V



1



Flux of displacement



C



C



1



Frequency



cycles/s



Hz



1



Impedance



Ω



Ω



1



Linear-current density



A/mm



A/mm



1



Magnetic-dipole moment



Wb⋅m



Wb⋅m



1



Magnetic-field strength



A/mm

Oe

gamma



A/mm

A/m

A/m



1

7.957 747 E + 01

7.957 747 E − 04



Magnetic flux



mWb



mWb



1



1-10



TABLE 1-4



Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Continued )

Customary or commonly

used unit



Quantity

Magnetic-flux density



mT

G

gamma



SI unit

mT

T

nT



Alternate

SI unit



Conversion factor; multiply

customary unit by factor to

obtain SI unit

1

1.0*

1



Magnetic induction



mT



mT



1



Magnetic moment



A⋅m2



A⋅m2



1



Magnetic polarization



mT



mT



1



Magnetic potential

difference



A



A



E − 04



1



Magnetic-vector potential



Wb/mm



Wb/mm



1



Magnetization



A/mm



A/mm



1



Modulus of admittance



S



S



1



Modulus of impedance



Ω



Ω



1



Mutual inductance



H



H



1



Permeability



µH/m



µH/m



1



Permeance



H



H



1



Permittivity



µF/m



µF/m



1



Potential difference



V



V



1



Quantity of electricity



C



C



1



Reactance



Ω



Ω



1



Reluctance



H−1



H−1



1



Resistance



Ω



Ω



1



Resistivity



Ω⋅cm

Ω⋅m



Ω⋅cm

Ω⋅m



1

1



Self-inductance



mH



mH



1



Surface density of change



mC/m2



mC/m2



1



Susceptance



S



S



1



Volume density of charge



C/mm3



C/mm3



1



Absorbed dose



rad



Gy



1.0*



Acoustical energy



J



J



1



Acoustical intensity



W/cm2



W/m2



1.0*



Acoustical power



W



W



1



Sound pressure



N/m2



N/m2



1.0*



Illuminance



fc



lx



1.076 391 E + 01



Illumination



fc



lx



1.076 391 E + 01



Irradiance



W/m2



W/m2



1



Light exposure



fc⋅s



lx⋅s



1.076 391 E + 01



Luminance



cd/m2



cd/m2



1



Luminous efficacy



lm/W



lm/W



1



Luminous exitance



lm/m2



lm/m2



1



Luminous flux



lm



lm



1



Luminous intensity



cd



cd



1



Radiance



W/m2⋅sr



W/m2⋅sr



1



Acoustics, light, radiation



Radiant energy



J



J



W



W



1



Radiant intensity



W/sr



W/sr



1



Radiant power



W



W



E + 04



1



Radiant flux



E − 02



1



1-11



TABLE 1-4



Conversion Factors: U.S. Customary and Commonly Used Units to SI Units (Concluded )

Customary or commonly

used unit



Quantity



SI unit



Alternate

SI unit



Conversion factor; multiply

customary unit by factor to

obtain SI unit



Wavelength



Å



nm



1.0*



E − 01



Capture unit



10−3 cm−1



m−1



E + 01



m−1



m−1



1.0*

1

1



Ci



Bq



3.7*



E + 10



Radioactivity



10−3 cm−1



* An asterisk indicates that the conversion factor is exact.

† Conversion factors for length, area, and volume are based on the international foot. The international foot is longer by 2 parts in 1 million than the U.S. Survey

foot (land-measurement use).

NOTE: The following unit symbols are used in the table:

Unit symbol



Name



Unit symbol



Name



A

a

Bq

C

cd

Ci

d

°C

°

dyn

F

fc

G

g

gr

Gy

H

h

ha

Hz

J

K

L, ᐉ, l



ampere

annum (year)

becquerel

coulomb

candela

curie

day

degree Celsius

degree

dyne

farad

footcandle

gauss

gram

grain

gray

henry

hour

hectare

hertz

joule

kelvin

liter



lm

lx

m

min

′

N

naut mi

Oe

Ω

Pa

rad

r

S

s

″

sr

St

T

t

V

W

Wb



lumen

lux

meter

minute

minute

newton

U.S. nautical mile

oersted

ohm

pascal

radian

revolution

siemens

second

second

steradian

stokes

tesla

tonne

volt

watt

weber



NOTE:



1-12



Copyright SPE-AIME, The SI Metric System of Units and SPE’s Tentative Metric Standard, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Dallas, 1977.



TABLE 1-5 Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical Multiples of SI Units

The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10. For example, the entry “−02 2.54” expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10−2 m.

To convert from

abampere

abcoulomb

abfarad

abhenry

abmho

abohm

abvolt

acre

ampere (international of

1948)

angstrom

are

astronomical unit

atmosphere

bar

barn

barrel (petroleum 42 gal)

barye

British thermal unit (ISO/

TC 12)

British thermal unit

(International Steam Table)

British thermal unit (mean)

British thermal unit

(thermochemical)

British thermal unit (39°F)

British thermal unit (60°F)

bushel (U.S.)

cable

caliber

calorie (International Steam

Table)

calorie (mean)

calorie (thermochemical)

calorie (15°C)

calorie (20°C)

calorie (kilogram,

International Steam Table)

calorie (kilogram, mean)

calorie (kilogram,

thermochemical)

carat (metric)

Celsius (temperature)

centimeter of mercury (0°C)

centimeter of water (4°C)

chain (engineer’s)

chain (surveyor’s or

Gunter’s)

circular mil

cord

coulomb (international of

1948)

cubit

cup

curie

day (mean solar)

day (sidereal)

degree (angle)

denier (international)

dram (avoirdupois)

dram (troy or apothecary)

dram (U.S. fluid)

dyne

electron volt

erg

Fahrenheit (temperature)



Multiply by



To convert from



To



Multiply by



ampere

coulomb

farad

henry

mho

ohm

volt

meter2

ampere



To



+01 1.00

+01 1.00

+09 1.00

−09 1.00

+09 1.00

−09 1.00

−08 1.00

+03 4.046 856

−01 9.998 35



meter

meter2

meter

newton/meter2

newton/meter2

meter2

meter3

newton/meter2

joule



−10 1.00

+02 1.00

+11 1.495 978

+05 1.013 25

+05 1.00

−28 1.00

−01 1.589 873

−01 1.00

+03 1.055 06



joule



+03 1.055 04



joule

joule



+03 1.055 87

+03 1.054 350



joule

joule

meter3

meter

meter

joule



+03 1.059 67

+03 1.054 68

−02 3.523 907

+02 2.194 56

−04 2.54

+00 4.1868



joule

joule

joule

joule

joule



+00 4.190 02

+00 4.184

+00 4.185 80

+00 4.181 90

+03 4.186 8



joule

joule



+03 4.190 02

+03 4.184



kilogram

kelvin

newton/meter2

newton/meter2

meter

meter



−04 2.00

tK = tc + 273.15

+03 1.333 22

+01 9.806 38

+01 3.048

+01 2.011 68



meter3

meter

meter

newton/meter2

lumen/meter2

candela/meter2

meter

meter/second2

meter3

meter3

meter3

tesla

tesla

ampere turn

meter3

meter3

degree (angular)

radian

kilogram

kilogram

meter

meter2

henry

meter3

watt

watt

watt

watt

watt

watt

second (mean solar)

second (mean solar)

kilogram

kilogram

meter

newton/meter2

newton/meter2

newton/meter2

newton/meter2

joule

1/meter

joule



−05 2.957 352

−01 3.048

−01 3.048 006

+03 2.988 98

+01 1.076 391

+00 3.426 259

+02 2.011 68

−02 1.00

−03 4.546 087

−03 4.404 883

−03 3.785 411

−09 1.00

−04 1.00

−01 7.957 747

−04 1.420 652

−04 1.182 941

−01 9.00

−02 1.570 796

−05 6.479 891

−03 1.00

−01 1.016

+04 1.00

+00 1.000 495

−01 2.384 809

+02 7.456 998

+03 9.809 50

+02 7.46

+02 7.354 99

+02 7.457

+02 7.460 43

+03 3.60

+03 3.590 170

+01 5.080 234

+01 4.535 923

−02 2.54

+03 3.386 389

+03 3.376 85

+02 2.490 82

+02 2.4884

+00 1.000 165

+02 1.00

+03 4.186 74



meter2

meter3

coulomb



−10 5.067 074

+00 3.624 556

−01 9.998 35



meter

meter3

disintegration/second

second (mean solar)

second (mean solar)

radian

kilogram/meter

kilogram

kilogram

meter3

newton

joule

joule

kelvin



fluid ounce (U.S.)

foot

foot (U.S. survey)

foot of water (39.2°F)

footcandle

footlambert

furlong

gal (galileo)

gallon (U.K. liquid)

gallon (U.S. dry)

gallon (U.S. liquid)

gamma

gauss

gilbert

gill (U.K.)

gill (U.S.)

grad

grad

grain

gram

hand

hectare

henry (international of 1948)

hogshead (U.S.)

horsepower (550 ft lbf/s)

horsepower (boiler)

horsepower (electric)

horsepower (metric)

horsepower (U.K.)

horsepower (water)

hour (mean solar)

hour (sidereal)

hundredweight (long)

hundredweight (short)

inch

inch of mercury (32°F)

inch of mercury (60°F)

inch of water (39.2°F)

inch of water (60°F)

joule (international of 1948)

kayser

kilocalorie (International

Steam Table)

kilocalorie (mean)

kilocalorie (thermochemical)

kilogram mass

kilogram-force (kgf)

kilopond-force

kip

knot (international)

lambert

lambert

langley

lbf (pound-force,

avoirdupois)

lbm (pound-mass,

avoirdupois)

league (British nautical)

league (international

nautical)

league (statute)

light-year

link (engineer’s)

link (surveyor’s or Gunter’s)

liter

lux

maxwell

meter

micrometer

mil

mile (U.S. statute)

mile (U.K. nautical)

mile (international nautical)

mile (U.S. nautical)

millibar

millimeter of mercury (0°C)



joule

joule

kilogram

newton

newton

newton

meter/second

candela/meter2

candela/meter2

joule/meter2

newton



+03 4.190 02

+03 4.184

+00 1.00

+00 9.806 65

+00 9.806 65

+03 4.448 221

−01 5.144 444

+04 1/π

+03 3.183 098

+04 4.184

+00 4.448 221



kilogram



−01 4.535 923



meter

meter



+03 5.559 552

+03 5.556



meter

meter

meter

meter

meter3

lumen/meter2

weber

wavelengths Kr 86

meter

meter

meter

meter

meter

meter

newton/meter2

newton/meter2



+03 4.828 032

+15 9.460 55

−01 3.048

−01 2.011 68

−03 1.00

+00 1.00

−08 1.00

+06 1.650 763

−06 1.00

−05 2.54

+03 1.609 344

+03 1.853 184

+03 1.852

+03 1.852

+02 1.00

+02 1.333 224



Fahrenheit (temperature)



Celsius



farad (international of 1948)

faraday (based on carbon

12)

faraday (chemical)

faraday (physical)

fathom

fermi (femtometer)



farad

coulomb



−01 4.572

−04 2.365 882

+10 3.70

+04 8.64

+04 8.616 409

−02 1.745 329

−07 1.111 111

−03 1.771 845

−03 3.887 934

−06 3.696 691

−05 1.00

−19 1.602 10

−07 1.00

tK = (5/9)(tF +

459.67)

tc = (5/9)(tF −

32)

−01 9.995 05

+04 9.648 70



coulomb

coulomb

meter

meter



+04 9.649 57

+04 9.652 19

+00 1.828 8

−15 1.00



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