I. KIẾN THỨC CƠ BẢN

- He walks. (Anh ấy đi bộ - Anh ấy tự đi chứ không phải là do người hay vật khác tác động)

- Birds fly. (Chim bay - Con chim tự bay theo bản năng chứ không do người hay vật tác động)

b. Nội động từ không cần có tân ngữ trực tiếp đi kèm. Nếu có thì phải có giới từ đi trước và cụm từ này

sẽ đóng vai trò trạng ngữ chứ không phải là tân ngữ trực tiếp.

* Examples: - She walks in the garden.

- Birds fly in the sky.

2. Ngoại động từ:

a. Ngoại động từ diễn tả hành động gây ra trực tiếp lên người hoặc vật.

* Examples: The cat killed the mouse.

b. Ngoại động từ luôn cần thêm yếu tố bên ngoài là một danh từ hay đại từ theo sau để hoàn thành

nghĩa của câu. Danh (đại) từ đi theo sau ngoại động từ là tân ngữ trực tiếp.

Trong câu trên chúng ta không thể nói “The cat killed” rồi dừng lại được mà phải có “the mouse” đi

kèm theo sau. “The mouse” là tân ngữ trực tiếp của “killed”.

3. Sự phân chia thành nội động từ và ngoại động từ chỉ là tương đối

Một số động từ có thể làm nội động từ trong câu này và làm ngoại động từ trong câu khác, nghĩa của

chúng có thể thay đổi. Hãy xem các ví dụ trong bảng sau va xem đó là nội động từ hay ngoại động từ

trong câu:

1. The door openned. (Cửa mở)

2. She opened the door. (Cô ấy mở cửa)

3. The bus stopped. (Chiếc xe buýt dừng lại)

4. The driver stopped the bus. (Tài xế dừng xe buýt lại)

5. The bell rings. (Chuông kêu)

6. He rings the bells. (Ông ấy rung chuông)

7. The glass broke. (Cốc vỡ)

8. The boy broke the glass. (Cậu bé làm vỡ cốc)

9. His lecture began at 8pm. (Bài giảng của ông ta bắt đầu lúc 8h tối)

10. He began his work at 8pm. (Anh ấy bắt đầu công việc lúc 8h tối)

11. The fire lit quickly. (Lửa cháy nhanh)

12. I lit the fire. (Tôi đốt lửa)

13. Flowers grow in their garden. (Hoa mọc ở trong vườn)

14. They grow flowers in the garden. (Họ trồng hoa trong vườn)

15. Water boils at 100 degree. (Nước sôi ở 100 độ C)

16. Mary boiled the water for the tea. (Mary đun sôi nước để pha trà)

 Mặt khác, nhiều nội động từ có thể có tân ngữ láy (cognate object); đó là những tân ngữ có cùng

hình thức với động từ.

* Example: - Mary laughed a merry laugh. (Mary nở nụ cười vui vẻ)

[to laugh↔a laugh]

- The old man lived a happy life.(Ông lão đã hưởng một cuộc sống hạnh phúc)

[to live↔a life]

- The little boy slept a sound sleep. (Chú bé ngủ một giấc ngon)

[to sleep↔a sleep]

102



 Ngoài ra, một số ngoại động từ lại được dùng như nội động từ, trong đó chủ từ không làm chủ hành

động trong câu.

* Example: The books sell well. (Sách bán chạy).

[Thay vì nói: They sell the books well]

II. PRACTICE

EX1: Put the verbs in the correct column.

sleep

answer

park

read



give

buy

happen

move



arrive

live

shake

rise



ring

tell

explain

win



burn

drop

occur

exist



Transitive



Intransitive



either transitive

or intransitive



_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________



_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________



_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________

_____________



EX2:Complete each sentences with a suitable verb in the box. Put the verbs in the correct tenses.

burn

tell



win

drink



live

explain



give

ring



1. We _____________ here for 40 years.

2. I ____________ the bell, but no one answered it.

3. William _____________ too much recently, which makes his parent really worried.

4. If you had played for us, we ________________ the game.

5. Gerald ______________ the situation to me, but I couldn’t understand it at all.

6. The firm ______________ him a gold watch when he retired.

7. The fire ______________ furiously, but the fire brigade put it out.

8. The truth ______________ to you soon.

EX3: A.Find the verb in each of the following sentences and write T if it is transitive and I if it is

intransitive.

1. The chef will prepare the food.

2. John is working at the bakery.

3. Lightning didn’t cause the fire.

4. We walked downtown after work yesterday.

5. Thousands of people ride the subway every day.

6. The baby was crying in the room.

7. Joe fell down on his way to school this morning.

103



8. Our houseguests are going to arrive tomorrow afternoon.

9. The fire burnt all their belongings

10. What happened in class yesterday?

11. That athlete finished 12 seconds outside the world record.

12. John will have finished his project when we arrive next month.

B. Change the sentences that have objects into the passive voice.

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________

EX4: Rewrite sentences in the passive as in the example:

1. (The floor/ not clear/ yet)

2. (The politician/ interview/ now)

3. The Mona Lisa/ paint/ Leonardo da Vinci)

4. (My flat/ burgle/ last night)

5. (All tickets/ sell/ before we got there)

6. (The dog/ not feed/ yet)

7. The presents/ wrap/ now)

8. The prizes/ award/ President/ tomorrow)

9. (Tea/ grow/ India)

10. (The prisoners/ take/ to prison/ now)

* KEYS:

EX1: Put the verbs in the correct column.

transitive



intransitive



either transitive

or intransitive



give

answer

buy

tell

park

explain

read



arrive

live

happen

occur

rise

exist



sleep

ring

burn

drop

shake

move

win



EX2:Complete each sentence with a suitable verb in the box. Put the verbs in the correct tenses.

1. have lived



4. would have won



7. burnt

104



2. rang

3. have

drunk



5. explained

6. gave



8. will be told



EX3: A. Find the verb in each of the following sentences and write T if it is transitive and I if it is

intransitive.

T



1. The chef will prepare the food.



I



2. John is working at the bakery.



T



3. Lightning didn’t cause the fire.



I



4. We walked downtown after work yesterday.



T



5. Thousands of people ride the subway every day.



I



6. The baby was crying in the room.



I



7. Joe fell down on his way to school this morning.



I



8. Our houseguests are going to arrive tomorrow afternoon.



T



9. The fire burnt all their belongings.



I



10. What happened in class yesterday?



I



11. That athlete finished 12 seconds outside the world record.



T



12. John will have finished his project when we arrive next month.



B. Change the sentences that have objects into the passive voice.

1. The food will be prepared by the chef.

3. The fire wasn’t caused by lightning.

5. The subway is ridden by thousands of people everyday.

9. All their belongings were burnt by/ in the fire.

12. John’s project will have been finished when we arrive next month.

EX 4: Choose the correct answer

1. We can’t go along here because the road _____.

A. is repairing

B. is repaired

C. is being repaired

2. The story I’ve just read _____ Agatha Christie.

A. was written

B. was written by

C. was written from

3. Why don’t you have your brother _____ the roof?

A. repairs

B. repair

C. repaired

4. Something funny _____ in class yesterday.

A. happened

B. was happened

C. happens

5. Claude Jennings is said _____ his memory.

A. to have been lost B. to be lost

C. to have lost

6. We _____ by a loud noise during the night.

A. woke up

B. are woken up

C. were woken up

7. How did that window _____? ~ I don’t know.

A. get broken

B. broke

C. got broken

8. Some film stars _____ difficult to work with.



D. repaires

D. wrote by

D. to repair

D. is happened

D. to lose

D. were waking up

D. broken

105



A. are said be

B. are said to be

C. say to be

.

D.said to be

9. Vitamin C _____ by the human body. It gets into blood stream quickly.

A. absorbs easily

B. is easily absorbing

C. is easily absorbed

D. absorbed easily

10. Why did Tom keep making jokes about me? I don’t enjoy _____ at.

A. be laughed

B. to be laughed

C. laughing

D. being laughed

11. John _____ last week.

A. had his house painted

B. had painted his house

C. had his father to paint

D. had his house paint

12. Today, many serious childhood diseases _____ by early immunization.

A. are preventing

B. can prevent

C. prevent

D. can be prevented

13. ‘_____ about the eight o’clock flight to Chicago?’ ‘Not yet.’

A. Has been an announcement made

B. Has an announcement made

C. Has an announcement been made

D.. Has been made an announcement

14. ‘Has the commitee made its decision yet?’

‘Not yet. They are still _____ the proposal.’

A. considering

B. been considered C. being considered D. considered

15. I might watch this programme. It _____ very funny.

A. supposes to be

B. is supposed being

C. is supposed to be

D. was supposed be

16. Do you get your heating _____ every year?

A. checking B. check

C. be checked

D. checked

KEYS EX4: Choose the correct answer

1-A



2-B



3-B



4-A



5-C



6-C



7-A



8-B



9-C



10-D



11-A



12-D



13-C



14-A



15-C



16-D



10. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1. Conditional sentence type 1:

a. Form

If clause

Simple present

S + Verb/ Verb-s/-es



Main clause

Simple future

S + will + bare infinitive



b. Use

It is used to express a possible condition and a probable result in the present or the future.

* Notes:

+ Dùng thì hiện tại đơn ở mệnh đề chính để diễn tả một điều luôn luôn đúng hoặc 1 sự thật hiển

nhiên.

Eg. If you heat ice, it turns to water.

106



+ can/ may dùng thay cho will/shall khi chỉ khả năng có thể.

Eg: If you study hard, you can pass the exam.

2. Conditional sentence type 2:

a. Form

If clause

If + S + past form of the verb



Main clause

S + would/ could + bare infinitive



b. Use

It is used to talk about things which are unreal (not true or not possible) in the present or the

future.

Eg. If he knew my phone number, he would call me.

3. Conditional sentence type 3:

a. Form

If-clause

If + S + had + P.P



Main clause

S + would have + P.P



b.Use

It is used to talk about unreal situations in the past.

Eg. If I had invited her to my party, it would have been more fun.

4. Mixed conditionals:

Form

If-clause

If + S + had + P.P



Main clause

S + would + bare infinitive



Use

Câu điều kiện này diễn tả điều kiện giả định ở quá khứ và kết quả không thực hiện được ở hiện

tại.

Eg. If I had gone to bed early last night, I wouldn’t feel sleepy now.

5. Inversion of conditional sentences: Ta bỏ "IF" và đảo trợ động từ trong mệnh đề "IF" đứng trước

chủ ngữ, mệnh đề chính không thay đổi.

1. Đảo ngữ ở câu ĐK loại I: dùng "should" thay cho "if"

Form:

Should + S + V-infinitive, S + Will + V-infinitive

Eg1. If you study hard, you will pass the exam.

-> Should you study hard, you will pass the exam.

Eg2. I'll tell you if I find it.

-> I'll tell you should I find it.

2. Đảo ngữ ở câu ĐK loại II: dùng "were" thay cho "if"

Form:

Were + S + (to + Vinfinitive), S + Would + Vinfinitive

Eg1. If I were in your position, I wouldn't do that.

-> Were I in your position, I wouldn't do that.

Eg2. If I were you, I would tell him about that.

107



-> Were I you, I would tell him about that.

Eg3. If I had more time, my report would be better.

-> Were I to have more time, my report would be better.

3. Đảo ngữ ở câu ĐK loại III:

Form:

Had + S + P2, S + would have + P2

Eg1. If I had invited her to my party, it would have been more fun.

-> Had I invited her to my party, it would have been more fun.

Eg2. If he hadn't missed the train, he would be here now.

-> Had he not missed the train, he would be here now.

6. Some special conditional sentences

a. Unless = if .... not (nếu không, trừ phi)

Unless + affirmative verb = If + negative

Eg1: If it doesn't rain, we will go on a picnic.

= Unless it rains, we will go on a picnic.

b. Otherwise = if not (nếu không thì) = or(else)

-> Or / otherwise đứng trước mệnh đề chính

Eg: Hurry up or you will be late for school.

= If you don't hurry up, you will be late for school.

Eg: Her father pays her fees; otherwise she wouldn't be here.

= If her father didn't pay her fees she wouldn't be here.

Eg: I used my calculator; otherwise I 'd have taken longer.

= If I hadn't used my calculator I 'd have taken longer.

c. but for (= without/ with): nếu không vì, nhờ

but for/ without + N/ NP/ V-ing = If it were not for .... (loại 2)/ If it hadn't been for ... (loại 3)

Eg1. If you hadn't helped me, I couldn't have finished this assignment.

= If it hadn't been for your help, I couldn't have finished this assignment.

=> If it were not for your help, I couldn't finish this assignment

d. In case: phòng khi, trong trường hợp

- Mệnh đề theo sau in case là thì hiện tại đơn hoặc quá khứ đơn

- Mệnh đề mở đầu bằng in case đưa ra lý do giải thích hành động được nói tới trong mệnh đề chính.

Eg. I always take an umbrella in case it rains.

( = I always take an umbrella because it may rain.)

e. Suppose/ supposing ....: giả sử

= what if ...? what will you do ...?

Eg. Supposing you won a lot of money, what would you do?

f. As long as/ provided/ providing (that): miễn là

Eg1. You can borow my book as long as you use it carefully.

Eg2. You can borrow my bike provided/ providing (that) you bring it back tomorrow morning.

g. Wish and if only.

* Future wish S + wish = If only



S + wish(es) + S + would/ could/ should/ might + V

Eg. I wish I would study very well.

108



I wish I could speak English well = If only I could speak English well

* Present wish:



S + wish(es) + S + V-ed/ WERE

-> Be: WERE dùng cho tất cả các ngôi

Eg. I wish I studied very well.

I wish (If only) I had a lot of money

* Past Wish



S + wish(ed) + S + had + VpII

Eg. I wish I had studied well last year.

I wish I hadn’t got a bad mark yesterday.



EXERCISES ON CONDITIONAL SENTENCES AND WISH SENTENCES

Exercise 1: Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:

1. If I see him , I _____ (give ) him a gift.

2. If I had a typewriter, I _____ (type) it myself.

3. If I had known that you were in hospital, I _____ (visit) you.

4. You could make better progress if you _____ (attend) class regularly.

5. If you _____ (arrive) ten minutes earlier, you would have got a seat.

6. If he worked more slowly, he _____ (not make) so many mistakes.

7. If I _____ (find) a cheap room, I will stay a fortnight.

8. A lot of people _____ (be) out of work if the factory closed down.

9. If you had drunk less last night, you (not feel) _________ so bad today.

10. If she (not get) ________married at such an early age, she would be at university now.

Key: 1. will give

2. would

3. would have visited

4. attended

5. had arrived

6. wouldn’t make

7. find

8. would be

9. wouldn’t feel

10. hadn’t got

Exercise 2. Choose the one word or phrase – A, B, C or D – that best completes the sentences.

1. He would get mark 10 if he ________ again the paper. He made one mistake in it.

A. read

B. is reading

C. reads

D. will read

2. If I ________ get a car sick, I would go there with you.

A. won’t

B. don’t

C. didn’t

D. wouldn’t

3. If he worked harder, he ________ pass the entrance examination.

A. will

B. would

C. is going to

D. can

4. If you ________ the front door carefully, the thieves wouldn’t have broken into your house.

A. have locked

B. locked

C. would lock

D. had locked

5. He ________ her an opportunity to work in his office if she had had English proficiency.

A. would have given

B. will have given

C. will give

D. gives

6. If it ________tomorrow, I will not have to water the garden.

A. will rain

B. is raining

C. rained

D. rains

7. Had I known his address, I ________ before.

109



A. would write

B. have written

C. had written

D. would have written

8. ________ already busy in August, I would gladly accept your invitation.

A. Was I not

B. Were I not C. If I am not D. Unless I was not

9. ________ heat from the sun there would be no life on earth.

A. Except

B. Without

C. If there is no

D. Despite

10. I won't lend you this money ________ you promise to pay it back.

A. if

B. unless

C. or

D. or else

11. Provided that he ________ the car, we ________ able to drive to the country.

A. services - are

B. services - will be

C. will service - will be

D. services - would be

12. Without your help, we ________ in such a short time.

A. will not do it

B. did not do it

C. can not have done it

D. wouldn't have done it

13. But for his help, I ________

A. would not have succeeded

B. had not succeeded

C. did not succeed

D. have not succeeded

14. I didn't know you were asleep. Otherwise, I ________ so much noise when I came in.

A. didn't make

B. wouldn't have made

C. won't make

D. don't make

15. I wish you ________ to me before you went and bought that car.

A. spoke

B. have spoken

C. had spoken

D. would have spoken

16. If only he ________ harder, he wouldn’t have lost his job.

A. worked

B. would work

C. had worked

D. has worked

17. If only we ________ a car. I’m tired of the bad service of public transport.

A. were

B. had

C. have

D. are

18. I wish I ________ so much money when I was in town yesterday.

A. wouldn’t have spent

B. hadn’t spent

C. wouldn’t spend

D. didn’t spend

19. If you _________5 minutes late, you won’t be able to get into the examination room.

A. will be



B. were



C. are



D. would be



20. If she ____________ English well, she would be offered that job.

A. will speak



B. speaks



C. is speaking



D. spoke



21. I miss my friends. I wish my friends ______ here right now.

A. were

B. would be

C. had been

22. If he worked harder, he ______________pass the entrance examination.



D. was



A. will



D. can



B. would



C. is going to



23. If you ___________ the front door carefully, the thieves wouldn’t have broken into your house.

A. have locked



B. locked



C. would lock



D. had locked



24. He _____ her an opportunity to work in his office if she had had English proficiency.

A. would have given



B. will have given



C. will give



D. gives



25. If it ______________tomorrow, I will not have to water the garden.

A. will rain



B. is raining



C. rained



D. rains



26. Had I known his address, I ____________ before.

110



A. would write



B. have written



C. had written



27. I speak terrible English. I wish I ______ English well.

A. spoke

B. would speak

C. had spoken

28. If you had taken my advice, you ____________ in such difficulties now.

A. won’t be



B. hadn’t been



C. wouldn’t be



D. would have written

D. speaks

D. wouldn’t have been



29. ____________ anything suspicious arise, please let me know at once.

A. Should



B. Would



C. Can



30. I went out in the rain and now I have a bad cold. I wish I ______ out.

A. didn't go

B. wouldn't go

C. hadn't gone

31. My friend _______ me at the station if he gets the afternoon off.

A. meets



B. will meet



C. would have met



D. Did

D. went

D. would meet



32. ___he___ hard last year, he would have lost the first prize.

A. Hadn’t – studied



B. Had- studied



C. Didn’t study



D. If – had studied



33. ___ interested in that subject, I would try to learn more about it.

A. Were I



B. Should I



C. I was



D. If I am



34. Unless you ___ all of my questions, I can’t do anything to help you.

A. answered



B. answer



C. would answer



D. are answering



35. If he___tickets yesterday, he ___ on the beach now.

A. had booked- would be lying

B. had booked- would have lied

C. booked – would lie

D. books- will lie

* Exercise 3: choose the best answer

1. Get in touch with me as soon as possible if you change your mind about the trip.

A. Should you change your mind about the trip, contact me as soon as possible

B. If you changed your mind about the trip, get in touch with me as soon as possible.

C. You should call me whenever you changed your mind about the trip.

D. Having changed your mind about the trip, you should get in touch with me soon

2. Without his help, we would all die.

A. We died because he didn’t help us.

B. He didn’t help us, so we died.

C. If it hadn’t been for his help, we would all have died

D. If he had helped us, we wouldn’t have died.

3. You can stay in the flat for free if you pay the bills.

A. Provided you pay the bills, you can stay in the flat for free.

B. Without the bills paid, you can stay in the free flat.

C. Unless the flat is free of bills, you cannot stay in it.

D. Whether you pay the bills or stay in the flat, it is free.

4. In my experiments, the liquid is cooled to 32ºF. It always freezes.

A. If you cool the liquid to 32 degrees, it froze.

B. If you cooled the liquid to 32 degrees, it would freeze.

C. If you cool the liquid to 32 degrees, it will freeze.

D. If you had cooled the liquid to 32 degrees, it would have frozen.

5. If he doesn’t apologize, I will never invite him here again.

111



A. Unless he apologizes, then I will never invite him here again.

B. Unless he apologizes, or I will never invite him here again.

C. Unless he doesn’t apologize, I will never invite him here again.

D. Unless he apologizes, I will never invite him here again.

6. Do your homework first and I’ll let you play the computer games.

A. I won’t allow you to do homework when you play the computer games.

B. Let’s play the computer games without doing your homework.

C. You are allowed to play the computer games without doing your homework.

D. Unless you do homework first, I won’t let you play the computer games.

7. I don’t have enough money with me now; otherwise I would buy that coat.

A. If I didn’t have money with me now, I would buy that coat.

B. If I had money with me now, I would buy that coat.

C. If I had money with me now, I wouldn’t buy that house.

D. If I didn’t have money with me now, I wouldn’t buy that house.

8. Susan regretted not buying that villa.

A. Susan wished she had bought that villa.

B. Susan wished she bought that villa.

C. Susan wished she could buy that villa.

D. Susan wished she hadn’t bought that villa.

9. It’s a pity that you didn’t tell us about this.

A. I wish you told us about this.

B. I wish you would tell us about this.

C. I wish you had told us about this.

D. I wish you have told us about this.

10. I’m afraid he will not get over his illness.

A. I wish he will get over his illness.

B. I wish he would get over his illness.

C. I wish he got over his illness.

D. I wish he had got over his illness.

11. Peter regretted buying the secondhand computer.

A. Peter didn’t want to buy the secondhand computer.

B. Peter wished he didn’t buy the secondhand computer.

C. Peter wished he hadn’t bought the secondhand computer.

D. Peter was glad to buy the secondhand computer.

12. I regret that you didn’t give me a chance to tell you the truth.

A. I wish you didn’t give me a chance to tell you the truth.

B. I wish you gave me a chance to tell you the truth.

C. I wish you had given me a chance to tell you the truth.

D. I wish you hadn’t given me a chance to tell you the truth.

Exercise 4. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means exactly the same as

the sentence printed before it.

1. Throw a stone into water and it sinks.

=> If you ……………………………………………………………………….

2. I feel better now because you talked to me about my problems last night.

=> I wouldn’t ………………………………………………………………….

3. He doesn’t have a car, so he doesn’t go out in the evening.

=> If …………………………………………………………………………….

4. I couldn’t finish the test because I didn’t have enough time.

=> If …………………………………………………………………………….

112