Section 1. A Fair and Just Transition

1034



ITUC, op. cit. note 1029.



1035



ITUC, Task Force on Trade, Investment and Labour Standards (TILS), The Trade Dimension of Climate Change (Geneva: 13–14 March

2008).



1036



Confederation of British Industry, Climate Change Task Force, Climate Change: Everyone’s Business (London: November 2007), p. 24.



1037



According to ETUC General Secretary John Monks: “A solution exists to keep employment and the planet from being the losers: an

import compensation mechanism, such as a carbon tax, which would equalize carbon costs for companies outside Europe and in

Europe. While allowing a considerable effort to be demanded from industry, such a system would keep heavy industry and jobs in

Europe.” The AFL-CIO in the United States also supports a “border mechanism enforced through a trade regime” in order “to ensure

that major developing nations, such as China and India, participate” in a new global treaty on emissions reductions, per AFL-CIO,

“Executive Council Statement” (San Diego: March 2008). The border adjustment proposal that has been pushed by U.S. trade

unions requires U.S. importers in some circumstances to purchase emission allowances. Such a measure could be less vulnerable

than a tariff to challenge in the WTO, because it could more clearly be considered an environmental measure that would qualify

as an exception under GATT Article XX(g), which allows measures “relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources.”

The union-supported legislation will require negotiations with countries before the import measures were implemented.



1038



Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC), “Border Adjustment

Mechanisms,” Statement to the G8 Summit, Hokkaido, Japan, 2008.



1039



United Nations, Kyoto Protocol to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change, Article 11.



1040



For more on Spain, see TUC Just Transition Project, op. cit. note 1026, p. 16.



1041



For the Just Transition proposals in the legislation, see Section 4602-5 in “America’s Climate Security Act of 2007,” at http://lieberman.

senate.gov/documents/acsabill.pdf.



1042



For more on Argentina, see United Nations Environment Programme, Labour and the Environment: A Natural Synergy (Nairobi:

2007), p. 32.



1043



Trades Union Congress (UK), Green Workplace Project “How to Green your Workplace - A TUC Guide  (London: 2007).



1044



Marrianne McMullen, Assistant to the President, Service Employees International Union, personal communication with Sean

Sweeney, Cornell Global Labor Institute, 14 October 2007..



1045



Canadian Union of Public Employees, Healthy, Clean & Green: A Workers’ Action Guide to a Greener Workplace (Ottawa: October

2007).



1046



This phenomenon is described in Mike Davis, Planet of Slums (New York: Verso, 2006).



1047



American workers spend an average of 47 hours per year commuting through rush hour traffic. This adds up to 3.7 billion hours

and 23 billion gallons of gas wasted in traffic each year. See “How to Green Your Work,” Treehugger.com, 10 December 2006, at

www.treehugger.com/files/2006/12/how_to_green_your_work.php#ch01.



1048



COSATU, cited in Sustainlabour, Trade Union Action on Climate Change,” unpublished memorandum (Madrid: 2008).



1049



Confederation of British Industry, op. cit. note 1036, pp. 24–31.



1050



The Manufacturing Institute, The National Association of Manufacturers, and Deloitte Consulting LLP, 2005 Skills Gap Report—A

Survey of the American Manufacturing Workforce (Washington, DC: November 2005).



1051



Susan Helper, Renewing U.S. Manufacturing: Promoting a High-Road Strategy, Economic Policy Institute Briefing Paper 212,

(Washington, DC: Agenda for a Shared Prosperity, 2008), p. 20.



1052



George Sterzinger, Energizing Prosperity: Renewable Energy and Re-Industrialization, Economic Policy Institute Discussion Paper,

Briefing Paper 205 (Washington, DC: March 2008).



1053



Council of Global Unions, “statement” (Washington, DC: 12 December 2007).



1054



Studies cited in Apollo Alliance and Green for All, with Center for American Progress and Center on Wisconsin Strategy GreenCollar Jobs in American Cities: Building Pathways out of Poverty and Careers in the Clean Energy Economy (San Francisco and

Oakland, CA: 2008).



1055



Box III.1-1 from ibid..



1056



ILO, “Skills for Improved Productivity, Employment Growth and Development,” Report V of the International Labour Conference,

97th Session (Geneva: 2008).



1057



European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, “Towards Common Principles

of Flexicurity: More and Better Jobs Through Flexibility and Security” (Brussels: July 2007).



1058



Chapter 6 in European Commission, Employment in Europe 2006 (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European

Communities, 2006).



1059



Peter Auer, Security in Labour Markets: Combining Flexibility with Security for Decent Work, Economic and Labour Market Papers

(Geneva: International Labour Office, 2007), p. 3.



350



Green Jobs: Towards decent work in a sustainable, low-carbon world



1060



Robert Kuttner, “The Copenhagen Consensus: Reading Adam Smith in Denmark,” Foreign Affairs, March/April 2008, p. 81.



1061



Ibid.



1062



World Health Organization, World Health Statistics 2007 (Geneva, 2007).



1063



United Nations Economic and Social Council, Commission for Social Development, “Promoting Full Employment and Decent Work

for All,” Draft Resolution submitted by the Chairperson of the Commision, 19 February 2008, available at www.fes-globalization.

org/publicationsNY/Resolution_Soc_DEV_2008.pdf.



Section 2.



Conclusions and Recommendations



1064



United Nations Foundation, “Wall Street Investors to Gather Thursday at UN to Discuss Climate Change,” press release (Washington,

DC: 14 February 2008).



1065



David Gardiner & Associates, Investor Progress on Climate Risks & Opportunities, Executive Summary (Boston, MA: Investor

Network on Climate Risk, February 2008).



1066



United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report 2007/2008 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007),

p. 132.



1067



Peter A. Darbee, Chairman, CEO, and President, PG&E Corporation, remarks at the United Nations, New York, 14 February 2008.



1068



Nicholas Stern, The Stern Review: The Economics of Climate Change. (Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,

2006), p. 308.



1069



United Nations Environment Programme-Sustainable Energy Finance Initiative (UNEP-SEFI), Global Trends in Sustainable Energy

Investment 2007: Analysis of Trends & Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in OECD and Developing

Countries (Paris: 2007), p. 21.



1070



Michael Shellenberger et al., “Fast, Clean, & Cheap: Cutting Global Warming’s Gordian Knot,” Harvard Law & Policy Review, Vol. 2

(2008), p. 94.



1071



William Nordhaus, The Challenge of Global Warming: Economic Models and Environmental Policy (forthcoming 2008), cited in

Shellenberger et al., op. cit. note 1070, p. 106.



1072



Gregory Nemet, Policy and Innovation in Low-Carbon Energy Technologies, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation (Berkeley: University of

California at Berkeley, May 2007), cited in Shellenberger et al., op. cit. note 1070, p. 106.



1073



“China Invests US$930m to Fight Climate Change,” China Daily, 14 June 2007.



1074



Data from New Energy Finance Web site, www.newcarbonfinance.com.



1075



UNEP-SEFI, op. cit. note 1069.



1076



The Stern Review notes, “The available data on energy R&D expenditure show a downward trend in both the public and private

sector, despite the increased prominence of energy security and climate change.... In the early 1980s, energy R&D budgets were,

in real terms, twice as high as now, largely in response to the oil crises of the 1970s.” See Stern, op. cit. note 1068, p. 352.



1077



UNEP-SEFI, op. cit note 6. However, the UNEP-SEFI report notes on page 40: “Energy efficiency investment is hard to track in its

entirety. The financial benefits of energy efficiency often accrue to the end-user, representing a cost saving rather than a financial

return, so a considerable proportion of energy efficiency investment is funded by energy consumers (domestic and industrial)

rather than by financiers. In an industrial context, energy efficiency is normally financed internally and isn’t generally identified as

an investment unless it is of significant scale. So the easily identifiable investment transactions in energy efficiency only make up

a small part of the real picture.”



1078



Nobuo Tanaka, Executive Director, International Energy Agency, “Unleashing the Business Potential for Clean Energy,” presentation

at 2008 Investor Summit on Climate Risk, United Nations Headquarters, New York, 14 February 2008, at www.ceres.org/

NETCOMMUNITY/Document.Doc?id=283.



1079



Her Majesty’s Treasury, “Publication of the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change,” press release (London: 30 October

2006).



1080



Canadian Association of Petroleum Products, www.capp.ca/raw.asp?x=1&dt=NTV&e=PDF&dn=112819. See also “Alberta’s Oil

Sands,” www.energy.gov.ab.ca/OurBusiness/oilsands.asp.



1081



Robert Pirog, Oil Industry Profits Review 2005, Congressional Research Service Report for Congress (Washington, DC: 18 April

2006).



1082



Stern, op. cit. note 1068, p. 367.



1083



The Landau Commission Report on Innovative Development Funding Solutions, commissioned by French President Jacques

Chirac and released in 2004, explored the effects of establishing global taxes on all international financial transactions (including

derivatives), arms exports, carbon emissions, shipping, and air travel. It also looked at curtailing tax avoidance. Together, these fees

could yield almost $1 trillion per year. See Landau Commission Report on Innovative Development Funding Solutions (Paris: 2004),

p. 15, at www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/actual/pdf/landau_report.pdf.



End notes



351



David Victor and Danny Cullenward, “Making Carbon Markets Work,” Scientific American, 24 September 2007.



1085



Zoë Chafe and Hilary French, “Improving Carbon Markets,” in Worldwatch Institute, State of the World 2008 (New York: W.W. Norton

& Company, 2008), p. 93.



1086



UNDP, Human Development Report 2007/2008, op. cit. note 1066, pp. 129–31.



1087



Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, “Recent Trends in Military Expenditure,” www.sipri.org/contents/milap/milex/

mex_trends.html, viewed 10 May 2008.



1088



Miriam Pemberton, “Military vs. Climate Security,” Foreign Policy in Focus, January 2008.



1089



These priorities were demonstrated once more in April 2008, when the International Finance Corporation decided to lend

$450 million to India’s Tata Power for its planned $4 billion, 4,000-megawatt coal-fired power project in Gujarat state. The Asian

Development Bank and other lenders also lined up behind the project. See Andrew Revkin, “Money for India’s ‘Ultra Mega’ Coal

Plants Approved,” Dot Earth, 9 April 2008, at http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/04/09/money-for-indias-ultra-mega-coalplants-approved/, and “IFC to Lend Rs 1,800 Crore to Tata’s Power Project,” The Economic Times (India), 9 April 2008.



1090



UNDP, op. cit. note 1086, p. 167.



1091



Ibid., p. 189.



1092



United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, “ Bangkok Climate Change Talks 31 March to 4 April 2008, Summary

Report,” at http://unfccc.int/meetings/intersessional/awg-lca_1_and_awg-kp_5/items/4288.php.



1093



UNDP, op. cit. note 1086.



1094



Chafe and French, op. cit. note 1085, p. 93.



1095



Fundamental problems with the Clean Development Mechanism are discussed in Lori Pottinger, ed., Bad Deal for the Planet: Why

Carbon Offsets Aren’t Working…And How to Create a Fair Global Climate Accord (Berkeley, CA: International Rivers, 2008).



1096



Jørgen Fenhann, “CDM Pipeline,” UNEP Risø Centre database, cited in Chafe and French, op. cit. note 1086, pp. 98–99.



1097



The phrase “green for all” has been formulated to express the need for an inclusive green economy whereby green jobs offer

employment options and careers for all social groups and constituencies, and not just for the privileged or already skilled. In the

United States, this need for inclusivity has taken the form of a campaign, aptly named “Green for All.” See www.greenforall.org.



1098



UN-HABITAT, The Challenge of Slums - Global Report on Human Settlements 2003 (Nairobi: 2003). This phenomenon is also

detailed in Mike Davis, Planet of Slums (New York: Verso, 2006).



1099



Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston: Beacon Press, 2001).



1100



Mary Robinson, “Millennium Development Goals Are Headed for Failure, Mail & Guardian (South Africa), 18 July 2007.



EP 09-08 #200763569



1084



352



Green Jobs: Towards decent work in a sustainable, low-carbon world