Chapter 12. Crowd Management and Special Event Planning

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12. CROWD MANAGEMENT AND SPECIAL EVENT PLANNING



DEFINITIONS

1. Crowd—A concentration of people whose

present or anticipated behavior is such that it

requires police action for the maintenance of

order.

2. Demonstration—A crowd that is exhibiting

sympathy for or against authority, or some

political, economical, or social condition.

3. Disaster—Any extreme or catastrophic

condition that imperils or results in loss of

life and/or property.

4. Picket line—A demonstration in which

several people walk about in a public space,

carrying signs that show their displeasure

with a business or government policy. Often

associated with strikes, picket lines are

usually legal in the United States, as long as

the picketers keep moving and do not attempt

to harass or interfere with others in any way.

5. Rally—A gathering of people to show

support for a common cause.

6. Riot—A breach of the peace committed

to violence by three or more persons, in

furtherance of a common cause to protest

or disrupt some enterprise, venging action

against anyone who may oppose them.

7. Sit-down strike—A form of a strike in

which the workers refuse both to work

or leave the workplace. This makes it

impossible for the employer to bring in

others to do the strikers’ jobs. Sit-down

strikes are illegal in the United States.

8. Strike—A work action in which employees

withhold their labor in order to put pressure

on their employer.



FORMATION OF CROWDS

A crowd may exist as a casual or temporary

assembly having no cohesive group behavior. It

may consist of curious onlookers at a construction site, spectators at the scene of a fatal accident, or curious citizens who are attracted to



a soapbox orator. Such a crowd has a common

interest for only a short time. It has no organization, no unity of purpose beyond mere curiosity,

and its members come and go. Such a group will

normally respond without resentment to the urgings of a police officer to “stand back,” “move on,”

or “keep moving.” There is no emotional unity

and they offer little concern.

However, even in this most ordinary and

routine situation, the person in authority who

is lacking in good judgment and discretion

may meet with resistance. Derogatory remarks,

unnecessary shoving and the like cause immediate resentment in people and become selfdefeating. Impartiality, courtesy, and fair play

hold the key to any situation involving people.

When you instruct a crowd to “move on,” it

must mean everyone. If you make exceptions

and allow some people to remain, strong objections may be raised. This glaring partiality may

cause some people to defy you. Incidents such

as these can rapidly change crowd attitudes

and, if nothing else, impart a very poor impression of the security officer.

A crowd may also assemble for a deliberate purpose—spectators at a football game or

a rally of some sort, or it may be a disgruntled

citizen, or group of citizens, willing to be led

into lawlessness if their demands are not met.

Members of these crowds have little dependence on each other, but they do have a unity of

purpose; they are drawn together to share a common experience. If outside influences interfere

with their purpose or enjoyment, it is possible for

some individuals in the group to become unruly

and aggressive. There are numerous instances of

riots occurring during, or immediately following, a

sporting event or rally in which emotions run high.



CAUSES OF CROWD FORMATIONS

1. Basic cause—The basic reason for the

formation of any crowd is the occurrence of

an event that is of common interest to each



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individual. The nature of the crowd is largely

governed by the nature of the event.

2. Casual causes—A large and comparatively

orderly “casual crowd” may gather in a

shopping area or at a sporting event.

This casually formed crowd is characterized

by the fact that its members think and act as

individuals. There is an absence of cohesion

or organization. This type of crowd is

easily controlled in its formative stages,

but it may develop otherwise if the event

becomes alarming, or if something occurs

which causes severe emotional upset to its

members.

3. Emotional causes—Crowds that are formed

due to events that incite the emotions of

the members are almost invariably unruly

and troublesome simply because emotion

makes them blind to reason. These are the

most frequently encountered emotional

causes:

a) Social—Crowd disturbances resulting

from racial or religious differences, or

excitement stemming from a celebration,

sports, or other similar event.

b) Political—A common political cause may

result in attempts by large groups to gain

political power or settle political disputes

by other than lawful means.

c) Economic—Economic causes of

disturbances arise from conditions such

as disagreements between labor and

management, or from such extreme

conditions of poverty that people resort to

violence to obtain the necessities of life.

d) Absence of authority—The absence of

authority, or the failure of authorities to

carry out their responsibilities, may cause

people to believe they can violate the law

without fear of reprisal or hindrance.

e) Disaster—Disaster conditions may result

in violent emotional disturbances among

people in the area due to fear, hunger, loss

of shelter, or injury and death of loved

ones.



139



PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

In addition to the factors that cause crowds to

form and turn peaceful groups into disorderly

mobs, it is important that people dealing with

crowds understand that a small crowd often

attracts a great many initially disinterested people, thereby rapidly increasing its size; this snowballing effect is caused by certain psychological

factors:

1. Security—Certain individuals may be

attracted to a crowd due to the feeling

of security and safety it provides while

associating with large numbers. This

situation is most likely to arise during

periods of civil unrest where large gangs are

roaming the streets, looting and threatening

the safety and peaceful existence of the

citizens who become fearful for their wellbeing and join with the gang for the security

it may afford them.

2. Suggestion—Persons joining a crowd tend

to accept the ideas of a dominant member

without realization or conscious objection.

If the dominant member is sufficiently

forceful with their words and ideas, they

may be able to sway the good judgment

and commonsense reasoning of those about

them. There is a tendency to accept even

the wildest of ideas; thus they transform the

susceptible into unthinking followers.

3. Novelty—An individual may join a crowd

as a welcome break in one’s normal routine

and through persuasion and suggestion react

enthusiastically to what they consider proper

form under these new circumstances.

4. Loss of identity—Similar to that of the

“security” factor. The individual tends to

lose self-consciousness and identity in a

crowd. Consequently, one may feel safe to

be neither detected nor punished for any

participation in wrongdoing.

5. Release of emotions—The prejudices and

unsatisfied desires of the individual that are



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12. CROWD MANAGEMENT AND SPECIAL EVENT PLANNING



normally held in restraint may be released

in an emotional crowd. This temporary

release of emotions is a strong incentive to an

individual to participate in the activities of

the crowd. It provides the opportunity to do

things he or she has been inwardly desirous

of doing but hitherto has not dared.



TYPES OF CROWDS

The behavior of crowds varies widely depending on its motivational interest. Crowds are classified in accordance with their behavior patterns

and it is essential that any security measures

are based on recognition and understanding of

the type of crowd they must deal with. The following outline is representative of most of the

crowd types that might be encountered in this

country.

1. Acquisitive—The members of an acquisitive

crowd are motivated by the desire to get

something. They are best illustrated by a

crowd of shoppers seeking items in short

supply or at an auction sale. They have no

leaders, little in common, and each member

is concerned with his or her own interest.

2. Expressive—In this type of crowd, the

members gather to express their feelings

such as at a convention or political rally.

The expressive crowd is usually well

behaved; however, some persons in it may

feel that slight disorders and unscheduled

demonstrations should be condoned by

the officials. When they are thwarted or

restrained, resentment occurs and their

otherwise cheerful enthusiasm may be

replaced by hostility.

3. Spectator—This crowd gathers to watch

out of interest, curiosity, instruction, or

entertainment. It is invariably well behaved

and good humored initially, but since

spectator sporting events, parades, and so on

tend to stir the emotions rapidly, this kind of



crowd can quickly become unruly and very

violent.

4. Hostile—Crowds of this nature are generally

motivated by feelings of hate and fear to the

extent they are prepared to fight for what they

want. The most prominent types are strikes,

political demonstrations, and hoodlums or

rival mobs. Hostile crowds may have leaders

who direct and maintain a high degree of

hostility in their followers, but not always.

5. Escape—An escape crowd is one that is

attempting to flee from something it fears. It

is leaderless and completely disorganized,

but it is homogeneous in that each person

is motivated by the same desire, which is to

escape. Once an escape crowd reaches safety,

it will lose its homogeneity and its members

must then be handled as refugees.



CROWD ACTIONS AND

SUGGESTED COUNTERMEASURES

The majority of crowds do not, as a rule,

resort to violence; however, any crowd is potentially dangerous or at the least, aggressive. The

mood of a peaceful crowd—that is, acquisitive,

spectator, or expressive—may change quickly to

that of a hostile or “escape” crowd. Since most

concern is caused by a hostile crowd, as opposed

to the other types mentioned, a more thorough

study should be made of it.

A hostile crowd is usually noisy and threatening, and its individual members may harass

security personnel. This kind of crowd will

hesitate to participate in planned lawlessness

because it generally lacks organization and

leadership in its early stages. However, it may

provide the seedbed for “mob” action when it

is aroused by the more forceful persons who

assume leadership. It may also be triggered into

violence by the undesirable actions of individual protective personnel.

Aroused crowds will often vent their resentment and hostility on those assigned to maintain



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CROWD ACTIONS AND SUGGESTED COUNTERMEASURES



order. Some individuals may try to bait security

officers into committing errors of judgment, or

displays of unnecessary force in order to discredit

authorities, or to further incite crowd members to

commit acts of lawlessness, or to oppose efforts in

regaining control. Such crowd actions are usually

directed toward one or two individual officers

in the nature of taunts, curses and other minor

annoyances. Verbal abuses must be ignored, no

matter how aggressive they may become. By

contrast, immediate action must be taken to those

who assault, throw rocks, or attempt in any way

to interfere with protective units.

In controlling a hostile crowd, sufficient manpower is basic to your success. If it appears that

a peaceful demonstration or other large crowd

gathering is showing hostile tendencies, do not

hesitate to report and call for immediate assistance. This does not, however, mean you may

or should resort to the use of unnecessary force.

Such action is never justified. Potentially dangerous crowds can usually be controlled by the

following methods:

1. Removing or isolating individuals involved

in precipitating an incident before the

crowd can achieve unity of purpose. This

may cause temporary resentment in a very

small portion of the crowd members. It is

important, therefore, to immediately remove

the subject from the area. Elimination of

the cause of irritation will prevent an ugly

incident. Remember that the injudicious use

of force can well defeat your purpose and

turn the entire crowd against you.

2. Fragmentizing the crowd into small

isolated groups. The police often arrive at

the scene of an incident or hastily conceived

demonstration after a crowd has assembled

and achieved a degree of unity. The close

contact of the crowd members and the

emotionalism of the situation cause the

individuals in the crowd to become groupinfluenced and directed. Individual controls

disappear and each person is swayed by



141



the mood and feelings of the crowd. This

collective excitement is communicated to

each member of the group in what is known

as the “milling process.”

The presence of an adequate force of men to

disperse the crowd and break it into small isolated groups before it becomes hysterical and

aggressive is an effective method of coping with

the milling process. It is necessary for security

to make a show of force, which does not necessarily mean the use of force. The mere presence

of an adequate number of well-disciplined and

well-trained control forces often suffices.

3. Removing the crowd leaders. The most

excited and vocal members of a crowd

establish themselves as the informal

leaders. Removing or isolating the agitators

contributes greatly to eventual crowd

dispersal. Isolating the more boisterous

individuals should only be attempted if

sufficient manpower is available. A crowd is

not impressed with inadequate manpower

and violence may result. Individual heroics

are not only foolhardy but dangerous, as well.

4. Diverting the attention of the crowd. The

use of a public address system on the fringe

of a crowd, urging the people to “break

up and go home,” is a successful crowd

dispersal tactic. Amplifying the authoritative

tone of the command attracts the attention of

individuals in the crowd and breaks the spell

cast by the more excited crowd members.

5. A crowd that grows in hostility and defies

orders to disperse can also be controlled by

forcing the individuals to focus attention on

themselves rather than the objectives of the

group. Instead of making a direct assault on

the crowd, a series of random arrests is made

of individuals situated on the edge of a crowd.

The crowd will soon recognize that a greater

number of persons are being arrested. But the

fact that arrest is threatened through haphazard

selection causes them to fear for their liberty

and a spontaneous dispersal results.



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12. CROWD MANAGEMENT AND SPECIAL EVENT PLANNING



6. Using a recognized leader. An effective

method of counteracting the developing

leadership in a crowd is by using someone

having greater appeal to the crowd. A

trusted labor leader, a member of the clergy,

a well-known sports figure, or a well-known

civil rights leader can often successfully

plead for order and reason. Depending on

the origin and cause of the crowd formation,

an appropriate public figure or official may

greatly assist in calming the excitement and

emotions of the crowd.

7. Preventing panic from developing in a

crowd. Panic is caused by fear and is most

often found in the “escape” crowd fleeing

from disaster or the threat of disaster or

violence. The primary cause of panic is

blockage of the escape route. Security actions

should aim at providing an escape route,

directing and controlling the progress of

the crowd along the route, and at the same

time dividing the crowd into small groups,

if possible. The following control techniques

might be implemented:

a) Display a helpful, calm and confident

attitude. Loudspeakers should be used to

give directions and helpful information.

b) Use rational members of the crowd to

assist in calming or isolating hysterical

persons.

c) Provide first aid and medical attention to

the injured and weak, particularly women

and children.

d) Use security to block off routes so as

to channel movement in the desired

direction. Care must be taken to ensure

that the security forces do not panic a

crowd by hasty action, arrogance, or

thoughtlessness.

8. Directing women and children. Crowds

and demonstrators may resort to having

women or children wheeling baby carriages

at the head of their advance. If the marchers

must be stopped, an attempt should be made

to divert the women and children or let



them pass through the ranks and then close

rapidly behind them.



WHEN VERBALIZATION

DOESN’T WORK

When verbalization is not effective, there may

be a need to physically move crowd members.

This should be done only as a last resort, and

should include verbalization. It should be a

planned action, only be done after professional

instruction has been received on the proper

procedures. The following are some physical

control techniques that are appropriate for the

movement of people in crowds:

1. “Heavy hands”—Assert your presence with

your hands in front of you.

2. Be assertive! Do not take a backward step

when moving the crowd.

3. Destabilize resistant persons by one or more

of the following techniques:

a) Upper torso restraint.

b) Arm around waist with an escort hold.

c) Belt lift with an escort hold.

d) Bracketing with an escort hold.

e) Pressure point control as appropriate.

f) Wristlocks, team control position, arm

bars, etc. as appropriate.



SECURITY AND

DEMONSTRATIONS

Security organizations assigned to supervise

demonstrations have a twofold responsibility.

Regardless of individual convictions, they must

first protect the peaceful demonstrators who are

exercising their right to protest.

Spectators not in sympathy with the demonstration constitute a potential threat of violence.

This is often aggravated by counterdemonstration whether it is organized or spontaneous.

Crowd control forces must also protect the

general public from demonstrators who infringe



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PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS



upon the rights of others. The more common

problems occur when demonstrators engage

in “sit-ins” and so on, and violate the property

rights of others. Fanatical members may even lie

down in the path of vehicles and refuse to move.

They must be picked up and carried away at

once. Use of tear gas in this situation is not generally recommended in view of the passive nature

of the gathering and their relatively few numbers.

Such groups may attempt to discredit security with harassment during removal, by resorting to shouts of “brutality,” raising their hands

as if to ward off blows, and emitting cries of

pain when they are aware of the presence

of news media. Such encounters will tax the

patience and control of individual security officers, who must ignore all such verbal attacks.



FORMATION OF A MOB

The crowd or demonstration will deteriorate

into a mob if it has been preconditioned by irritating events, aroused by rumors, and inflamed

by professional agitators who appeal to emotion rather than to reason. Hostility prevails and

unity replaces confusion and disorganization.

The early frustrations engendered by agitation

and rumor require a climactic incident to unleash

the mob and may come about for any number of

reasons. It may often be influenced by the apparent weakening of the strength and attitude of

security groups assigned to preserve the peace.



RESPONSIBILITY AND BEHAVIOR

OF PROTECTIVE GROUPS

Protection must extend to all people. This

means fair and equal treatment of all. Observe a

position of neutrality—act with firmness—this

is not belligerence or unreasonable force. After

an order is given, it must be enforced for the

preservation of the public peace and the carrying out of the traditional mission of protecting



143



life and property of citizens to assure the basic

rights of all people.

If you observe a hostile crowd gathering,

never hesitate to request assistance. In these

instances, it is definitely safer to overstate the

number of personnel needed to restore order,

than to attempt to act alone or underestimate

your requirements. A show of force not only

has a restraining effect on the crowd, but also

provides the necessary manpower.

Order must be established. Approaching the

more vocal individuals in a crowd is an effective method of dealing with a group. When

addressing these persons, be firm and carefully phrase your commands. Do not become

involved in an argument. Use simple language

and inform the people of the violations they are

or may be committing. Request that the violations stop and that the groups disperse. Allow

the crowd the opportunity to withdraw peacefully without interference. If the throng defies

authority and the apparent leaders make no

efforts to disperse the crowd, arrests should be

made and police assistance obtained.

Whenever you are dealing with an excited

or hostile crowd, remember that it is potentially dangerous and may require only a slight

incident to turn it into a mob—your example

and your ability to maintain order are the best

deterrents to mob action.



PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

From time to time, security personnel have

the opportunity to plan for large crowd control

events. An example of this may be political

rallies, sporting events, parades, or shopping

mall events. As there is always some form of

advance notice for these expected large crowd

events, the following considerations should

form part of the contingency procedure:

1. Is police involvement required?

2. Barriers (this includes metal fencing, ropes

and stanchions, people)



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12. CROWD MANAGEMENT AND SPECIAL EVENT PLANNING



3. Communications (radio and telephone, PA

system)

4. First aid staff

5. Ambulance or first aid rooms

6. Doctors

7. Location of event

8. Fire procedures, equipment, personnel

9. Communications center

10. Media observation area

11. Entry and exit location for VIPs

12. Parking

13. Lavatories

14. Food concessions

15. Disabled persons areas (wheelchairs)

16. Entertainment before or after event

17. Signs

18. Timing schedule

19. Number of security personnel and degree

of expertise required

20. News releases and media precoverage

21. Time of year and type of environment

22. Alternate power sources

23. Size of crowd expected

24. Vehicles for movement of VIPs, and

so on

As you can see, when a large crowd control

event is known and sufficient time is available for preplanning, the event should be able

to take place with minimal problems for both

security staff and participants alike.



2. Take lawbreakers into custody and turn over

to the police for arrest.

3. Use reasonable force to enforce the law.

a) Do not overlook violations or defiance of

lawful orders.

b) The use of unreasonable force often incites

a crowd which normally would be passive

or curious.

c) Charges of brutality are often made in

an attempt to discredit the security force;

they will have no basis in fact if brutality

is not used.

4. Remain on the fringe of the crowd. Do not

get too close or mix with a hostile crowd.

Remain out of reach and observant of crowd

and individual activities, pending the arrival

of reinforcements.

5. Assist fellow officers who may be in

trouble. If one of your associates situated

near you is physically attacked, go to his

or her immediate assistance. Arrest the

assailant. To permit such a person to escape

will encourage others to assault or try to

overpower individual security personnel.

6. Refrain from participating in crowd activities.

a) An aggressive crowd will invariably

throw a barrage of rocks, sticks, bottles,

and so on at opposing forces. DO NOT

throw them back at the crowd! This will

only precipitate greater hostility and

supply the crowd with more missiles.

b) Withdraw to a safe distance until

dispersal operations can be commenced.



PERSONAL BEHAVIOR

1. Stand your ground without yielding. Your

job is to maintain order and protect life and

property.

a) Avoid all unnecessary conversation.

b) Do not exchange pleasantries with

the crowd or apologize for your

actions.

c) Do not give the impression you will

not enforce orders to disperse or arrest

individuals defying such an order.



RIOT CONTROL FORCE

DEPLOYMENT PROCEDURES

Basic riot and crowd control formations used

by control forces exist in the following forms

(Figure 12-1):

1. Arrowhead—This is used to strike into and

split a crowd or mob, or to provide an escort

for a person(s) to a given point through a



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145



PERSONNEL EMPLOYMENT

BASIC RIOT AND CROWD CONTROL FORMATIONS USED BY CONTROL FORCES EXIST

IN THE FOLLOWING FORMS:



a) ARROWHEAD

THIS IS USED TO STRIKE INTO AND SPLIT A CROWD OR MOB, TO PROVIDE AN

ESCORT FOR A PERSON (S) TO A GIVEN POINT THROUGH A FRIENDLY OR DISORGANIZED CROWD. THE USE OF AN ADDITIONAL INVERTED ARROWHEAD AT

REAR OF THE FORMATION WILL GIVE ALL-AROUND PROTECTION.

b) LEFT FLANKING



AND



RIGHT FLANKING



USED TO MOVE A CROWD OR MOB TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT, OR TO TURN A

CROWD AWAY FROM THE FRONT OF A BUILDING, FENCE, ETC.

c) LINE

USED TO MOVE A CROWD OR MOB STRAIGHT BACK UP THE STREET.



FIGURE 12-1



Riot and crowd control formations.



friendly or disorganized crowd. The use of

an additional inverted arrowhead at rear of

the formation will give all-around protection.

2. Left flanking and right flanking—Used to

move a crowd or mob to the right or left,

or to turn a crowd away from the front of a

building, fence, and so on.

3. Line—Used to move a crowd or mob

straight back up the street.



CROWD MANAGEMENT

ASSESSMENT

1. What is the officer-audience ratio?

2. Are the security personnel deployed in a way

as to maximize surveillance of the crowd?

3. What type of performance is this?

4. Are the security personnel properly trained

to handle the crowd?

5. Are the security personnel knowledgeable

in first aid?

6. Are the security personnel licensed and

armed with any weapons?



7. Are the security personnel properly briefed

on the type of crowd?

8. Is the company providing security

properly licensed?

9. Have all required permits been obtained?

10. What is the seating?

11. What is the procedure for extracting

problem people from the crowd and

ensuring that they leave the venue without

posing a threat to anyone inside or outside

the venue?

12. Is supervision present and adequate?

13. Are communications, including two-way

radios, adequate?

14. Is alcohol being served at the event?

If so, what are the procedures for

controlling access to alcoholic

beverages?

15. What are the evacuation procedures in the

event of panic in the crowd?

16. In the event of a cancellation after the

audience has been admitted to the venue,

what procedures are in place to placate the

crowd?



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12. CROWD MANAGEMENT AND SPECIAL EVENT PLANNING



ALCOHOL SERVING

CONSIDERATIONS

Serving alcohol at special events can create

a host of safety, security, and liability issues.

A few considerations regarding alcohol service

are:

Are persons dispensing alcohol:

1. Properly trained in correct procedures for

checking and verifying IDs of patrons?

2. Properly trained in the methods to use to

control service of alcoholic beverages?

3. Properly trained in the recognition and

identification of behavioral cues (TIPS

program: Training for Intervention

Procedures) of intoxication and the

intervention techniques to use to stop



service, and therefore ensure intoxicated

persons do not harm themselves or others?

Are security personnel:

1. Properly trained in the above techniques so

that they can control access to the venue?

They must also be able to intervene properly

in matters involving intoxicated patrons,

including making sure that intoxicated

patrons do not harm themselves or others.

2. Properly and adequately trained in the

methods of extracting problem patrons from

the crowd?

3. Correctly trained and instructed to ensure

that evicted patrons do not linger about

the exterior of the establishment to take

revenge upon other patrons or employees,

or re-ignite an earlier conflict?



EMERGING TRENDS

The first and foremost emerging trend is a greater

awareness by organizational management of the

problems and potential liabilities associated with

special events. Special events are complex undertakings and many things can go wrong. Perhaps

the best way to conceptualize this is the old saying

“whatever else can go wrong, will go wrong.”

It is clear that special event security is a

division of the security field that needs to be

addressed. It is defined as a part of physical

security, but it is not ongoing. It is occasional;

only temporary. As such, it may not garner the

attention that it deserves.

An interesting example of event security is

at the oldest fair in the United States, the York

County Fair, in York, Pennsylvania. Security

at the fair is difficult because of the number of

people in such a small space. The fair takes place

in September, so planning must begin in March.

There must be adequate EMS (emergency medical

services), fire, and police in place. In fact, the fair

has its own police force, a group of officers who



are sworn in for the duration of the fair. Some of

the officers then joke that they are “suspended

without pay for 355 days” once the fair is over.

In addition to the fair police, there are township

police, and some contract security personnel.

York County Deputy Sheriffs perform security

at concerts held at the fair. Private investigative

firms conduct surveillance and make controlled

buys from vendors who sell counterfeit goods.

York County Probation Department personnel search for probation violators and perform

security at concerts. This is an excellent means

of both apprehending probationers who are in

violation as well as deterring troublemakers.

Deputy U.S. Marshalls sometimes conduct sting

operations for fugitives.

Gang activity is prevalent, especially on student nights when students get in for free. Nearly

100 police officers are required, and EMS needs

to be prepared for possible mass casualty situations. It is evident that there is a need for even

more officers, but monetarily it isn’t possible.



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REFERENCE



So the trend is to reach out to the private sector

and specialized service firms for security at these

types of special events.

In addition to the example of the York Fair,

we are seeing more varied and creative use of

protection forces across the board. These include

proprietary security, t-shirt security, contract

security, off-duty police, and so on, all working

in contact with one another. INA, Inc., based out

of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, finds that using

off-duty police officers saves a great deal of



money depending on the size of the venue and if

the event was set up correctly. INA also utilizes

probation officers who take vacation days to

man special events. The probation officers are all

college graduates who have had some relevant

training and experience.

Another trend is having more restrictions in

place as to what can be brought into an event, as

well as more restrictions on tailgating parties and

serving alcohol. There is also an increase in the

use of dogs and horses at some special events.



Reference

Health Communications Inc. The TIPS Program: Training for

Intervention Procedures, Alexandria, VA; 1985–2009.



3.



Resources

The International Association of Assembly Managers is

an organization of professional venue managers. The

IAAM conducts and publishes research, holds meetings,

and administers a professional certification program for

assembly managers. Visit http://www.iaam.org/.

The Center for Venue Management Studies (CVMS) is

IAAM’s resource center for public assembly facility management. The Center offers a variety of books and videos.

CVMS works with IAAM staff and work groups, such as

the Safety and Security Task Force, to develop and distribute resource materials and practice aids for the industry. Visit http://www.iaam.org/CVMS/CVMS.htm.



4.



5.



S EC U RI T Y QU IZ

1. In controlling a hostile crowd, sufficient

___________________ is/are basic to your

success.

a. Force

b. Manpower

c. Time

d. Weapons

2. The protection officer should attempt to

isolate an individual troublemaker by:

a. Taking them down

b. Tranquilizing them



6.



7.



c. Removing them

d. Arresting them

If you observe a hostile crowd gathering,

never hesitate to request additional:

a. Weapons

b. Assistance

c. Rioters

d. Vehicles

A demonstration is a crowd that is

exhibiting sympathy for or against

authority, or some political, economical,

or social condition.

a. True

b. False

A riot means any extreme or catastrophic

condition that imperils or results in loss of life

and/or property.

a. True

b. False

The basic reason for the formation of any

crowd is the occurrence of an event that is of

common interest to each individual.

a. True

b. False

A leaderless crowd that is attempting to flee

from something it fears is a/an:

a. Spectator crowd

b. Emotional crowd

c. Hostile crowd

d. Escape crowd



III. PROTECTION OFFICER FUNCTIONS



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12. CROWD MANAGEMENT AND SPECIAL EVENT PLANNING



8. Some psychological factors in crowd

formation are:

a. Security

b. Novelty

c. Loss of identity

d. None of the above

e. All of the above

9. The protection officer dealing with crowds

should:

a. Exchange pleasantries with the crowd

b. Give the impression he/she will

enforce orders



c. Apologize for his/her actions

d. All of the above

e. None of the above

10. Some riot control, force deployment

procedures are:

a. Arrowhead, left and right flanking,

line

b. Right flanking, bullet, left flanking

c. Line, bow, arrowhead

d. Arrowhead, bullet, left flanking



III. PROTECTION OFFICER FUNCTIONS