a) Thời kỳ trước khi có HTX

27



ndng dAn ngheo chi chie'm 17% dien tich canh tac, Kinh te hO ndng dAn

dndng tlidn phAn hoa, cac gia dinh dia chu, phu ndng mOt mat di Ihue

mudn lao dOng va tien hanh kinh doanh ruOng dAt mat khac danh mOt

sd dAt cho cAy re dien tich cho cAy re khong qua 20% tong dien tich

canh tac. [12]

Mot sd cac ho ngheo, mOt sd hO tu td chiic san xiiA't, con da sd di

lam tliiie cho dia chu, phu ndng, hoae ITnh canh.

Quan he hang hoa riiOng dAl trong thdi ky nay da dAy manh tieh

tu ruOng dAt vao inOt so ngirdi giau. Nhirng ngudi lam thue thd a vdi

niOng dAi, va nhung bien dOng cua lich sir nang suAl rAt thAp hAu nhu

dAm chAn tai cho. Sau cai each riiOng dAt, hang trieu hO ndng dAn duoc

cAp niOng dA't, duac giai thoat khdi che dO cay tliue eude mudn, da sd

ho ndng dAn deu cd mOng va tnre tie'p san xuAt, su*c san xiiA't cua nen

kinh te tie^u ndng duac giai phong khdi nhinig trdi buOc eiia cac quan he

phong kien da anh hudng nhi6u dOn phat trie^n san xiiAt tir 1954 6tn

1959, gia tri san lirong ndng nghiep mi6n Bc4e tang 35%; binh quAn indi

nam t^ng 7%. Trong dd gia tri san lirang trdng trot tang 29% (binh quAn

mdi nam tang 5,8%). Nam 1959 san lirang Immg thuc qui thdc toan

mien BAC dat 5,6 trieu tAn, dd la con sd ma tu tnrdc va ca hang ehiic

nam sau (196M971) chira nam nao dat duac.

Nhung thanh qua dd dua tren ca sd ho ndng dAn ca the^ vdi nhirng

hinh thfrc hiep tac gian dan, tren nguyen tac tu nguyen va tu do san

XUAI,



liru thong hang hoa. Ngay khi chia niOng dAt cho cac hO ndng



dAn, xac dinh quyen tu chu san xuAt cho cac hO ndng dAn phong trao

hop tac lao dOng, hiep tac san xuAt phat trie'n rAt nhanh, cd tac dOng

tich cue tdi tirng hO ndng dAn.



28



Oidi nam 1955 toan mien Bac da cd Idi 15 van td ddi cdng va

dAu 1957 con sd nay len tdi 25 van, cudi thdi ky nay viec td chue Hl^X

d at vOi va dua hang loat cac to doi cdng len thanh IITX bAc thAp den

bAc cao da lam mAt tinh tich cue cua ban thAn cac hO ndng dAn. (12]



b)Thdiky



1960 1980.



QiOe cai each ruOng dA't (1953-1957) da dem lai niem tin, phAn

khdi cho hang trieu hO ndng dAn va rnd ra thai ky mdi cho cdng cuOc

xAy dung khih te chi sau 1 nam khi cuOc cai each luOng dAt ket thuc, tu

nam 1958 chung ta tieii hanh cuOe vAn dOng dua ndng dAn vao hap tac

xa. Vdi tu tirdng ndn ndng thuc hien cai tao xa hOi chu nghia ddi vdi

ndng nghiep, dua nong dAn vao hap tac xa tao tiOn de xAy dung nCn

ndng nghiep san xiiA't Idn XIIC'N bang nhung ap luc ve chinh tri, xa hOi

ddi khi mOt sd nai cd tac dnng ap lire cirdng che', khdng hoan toan tu

nguyen, den cudi nam 1960 han 84% tdng sd ndng dAn da tham gia vao

hap tac xa. () mien Bac nude ta coi nhu la can ban hoan thanli cai tao

xa hoi chu nghia ddi vdi ndng nghiep. CTing tu dd viec kinh doanh, san

xuAt da thay doi can ban, thay vao dd la qudc huu hoa niOng dAt. Theo

Hie'n pliap 1959 dA't dai thiiOe sd huii toan dAn, dai bO phAn riiOng dA't

duac giao cho hap tac xa, cac quan he trao doi mua ban ruOng dAt bi

cAin, chi CO 5% dien tieh dA't canh tac duac gianh cho xa vien HTX lam

kinh te phu gia dinh. San xuAt nong nghiep duac id eliuc san xiiAt theo

kie'u irrX va ndng - lAm tnrdng qudc doanh, vdi ca che' quan ly tAp

tning, ke'hoach hoa true tiep toan dien keo dai da lam cho cac hd ndng

dAn mA't he't quyen tu chu, chfrc nang kinh te' vai trd td chfre san xiiAt

cua cac hO bi gidi han trong khudn khO chAt hep cua kinh te phu gia

dinh. Nghj quyet lAn thir V cua Ban chAp hanh TW (thang 7/1961) de ra



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chu tnrdng phai chu trong phat trie'n kinh te'HTX la chu ye^i ddng thdi

ehii y thich dang deii kinh te phu gia dinh xa vien tu dd moi quyen lue

eiia cac hO ndng dAn da duac huy ddng vao kinh te'tAp the' (95%) dien

tich canh tac dai bd phAn thdi gian lao dOng, vdn, phAn bdn, do hoat

dOng kem hieu qua ciia kinh te hap t/ic xa, tliu nhAp tii' kinh te tAp the'

ngay cang sa sfit, so vdi kinh te'phu gin dinh. 111

Trong thdi gian (1960-1965) phAn kinh te tAp the' dem lai 70%

de'n 75% trong tdng sd thu nhAp ciia hO ndng dAn, dCn nam 1970-1975

phAn nay chi chiem 25-30%. Ngirdi ndng dAn tu cho thi tirdng de'n did

chan nan kinh te' tAp the' ho chi chu y de'n manh dA't 5% nhd be cua

minh, nang suAt d 5% len 90 ta/ Iha he sd sir dung dA't tang 2 de'n 2,5

lAn so vdi niOng ciia ITIX, ket qua manh dA't 5% dem lai 70-75% thu

nhAp cua gia diiih, tuy rAI khd khan nhung kinh te hO ndng dAn da tu

khang dinh sire song ciia nd trong thdi ky HTX". [12]

Khi giai phdng mien Nam, bdi canh lieh su da thay dOi, buOe

chung ta di tren ddi chAn cua minh thi nhirng yen kem ciia kinh te' tAp

the' bOc lo rd, giai doan 1975-1980 Dang va Nha nude da c6 iihi6u chu

tnrong chinh sach nham khoi phue va phat tri^n ndng nghiep hap tac

xa. Dang chu y nhA't la eude vAn dOng "to chirc lai san xuAt va cai tie'ii

quan ly tu ca sd dua ndng nghiej) di Icii san xuAt Idn XHC'N" tlieo tinh

thAn Nghj quyet 61/CP cua HOi ddng Qiinh phu va flOi nghj 7W Dang

ISn thir 2 khoa IV thang 8/1977 vdi nhiiiig giai phap Idn de' phat tiie'n

ndng nghiep. Tuy nhien nhung giai phap dd khdng nhung chua thuc

dAy san xiiAt ndng nghiep, ma edn dAy ndng nghiep de'n chd killing

hoang loan dien,



c)Thdiky



1981-1987.



30



Tu thAng 1/1980 co chi thi 100 c\u\ Ban bi thir vh con goi tfit la

khoan 100 da khSng dinh mot each lam ma lAii nay ba con nong dAn

van ngAni ngSm klioan san phAm cuo'i cung d^i nhoni va ngirdi lao

dOng. Chi thi 100 nhir la phirong thiioc dac tri chira bCnh chan nan,

khong quan lAin de'n cong viGc dong ang cua ba con nong dAn, khoan

100 da dirge ba con xa vien hirong irng a khap nai ngiroi ta bat dAu

quan tftm deii niOng ddng, de'n viec liei kiem vat tir, nguoi nong dAn

dAu tir tiiem phAn bon, vAl Ur tren niOng khoAn.

Tinh hinh va kei qua khoAii san phAm trong f 12] IITX

ciia mOt so tinh nam 1982.



Sohd

Tinh



Hd Nam Ninh

ll;ii Ilirng

Hai Pliong

Viiih Phu



m Biic

Tliarili Hoa

I>liu Ktianh



tUiu Ira



128

192

304

122

1078

265

234



Ty li dau (if them so vdi muc khoan %



Ty K-



Phdn

chu ong



Phdn hod

hoc



Cdng tao

dong



Virol khodn



10,3

42,6

12.8

27,3

16,0

34,0

5,9



34.7

124 J

24.7

45,0

61,0

34,4

26,6



23.2

27,5

6,5

20,3

8,5

32,0

6,0



24,2

23,2

59,3

17,0

26,0

27,5

12,5



_%



Trong nliimg nam dd i)hong trao lao dOng san xiiAt cua cac hO

nong dan lai soi dOng va khan tnrong, trong mOt thdi gian ngan khdng

edn tinh txang riiOiig bo hoang. Nhip do phat tii^n ndng nghiep, thu

nhap ciia ndng dan tang nhanh, so 1980 gia tri tong san luolig ndng

nghiep nam 1985 tang 33% (binh quAn nam lang 6,6%) nam. San luoiig

binh quan nam 1976-1980 dat- 13,5 trieu tAn. Tu* 1981-1985 dat 17,01

trieu tail binh quan lirong thuc theo dau ngirdi tang tir 268 kg nam 1980

tang len 304 kg nam 1985, diOii kien kinh doanh cua hO ndng dan da



31

dirac cai thien mOt bude. NgoAi viec cac hO ndng dan dirac md rOng

quyen tir chu tren niOng khoan. Ngirdi nong dan da quan tam den ket

(jua san xuat, den ruOiig ddng, mOt sd tir lieu san xuat da diroc mua sam

trang bi them.

Tuy nhien viec thirc hien Qii thj 100 eiia Ban bi thir cd nhieu noi

lam chira tdt, cd nai khoan trang cho xa vien, mtre khoan nhieu noi dira

len qua cao, tfr dd ngirdi ndng dAn lai chan nan, cd noi ho tra niOng dat

tot cho IITX, ho chi nhan nhfrng niOng dai tdt dii dai) ^^^^?> ^^hu can ciia

gia dhih. Tinh hinh khe dong thue rAi nhieu.

6 IITX Ddng Cd (Tien I lai. Thai Binh) trong ba nam xa vien da

tra lai 265 mAu niOng, trong sd 1208 rnau ruOng khoan san lirong lirang

Ihire ca nirdc dat 18,2 trieu tail 1985 giam xuOiig 17,5 trieu tail 1987.

Lirong thirc binh quAn (Mu ngirdi giam tir 304 kg xudng 280,8 kg, ddi

song sa SLit. Tnrdc tinh trang dd, nhiCu noi da tien hanh giao han ruOng

dat cho cac hO va thu san lirolig, goi dd la khoan theo dem gia, hay

khoan gon. Viec kinh doanh niOng dai the' nao do cac liO hoan toan

dinh doat, IITX lam dich vu theo hop ddng nhfrng khau ma hO cd nhu

c^u. Dd la CO sd thirc tien rai quan trong cho nfifrng chii tnrong ciia

Dang va Nha nirdc vao nhfrng nam tiep sau, thirc tien euOc song ciia

kinh te ho d nirdc ta da tir tim dirdng di cho nd.



d) Thdi ky tii 1988 den nay.

Nghj quyei 10 ciia BO (liinh tri (4/1988) vO doi mdi quan ly ndng

nghiep vdi nhiCu nOi dung trong dd cd hai nOi dung rai quan trong la :

khang dinh quyGn til chu kinh doanh cua cac hO nong dAn va chu

tnmng giao qiiySn sir dung niOng dm on dinh cho cac hO nong dAn,



32



C^ng vai cac bien phap khac nhir xoa bo che dO thu mua lirang

thirc thirc phAin tlieo nghia vu, nio rOng trao doi hang hoa. Nghi quyei

10 cua Bo Qiinh lii nhir inOt luong gio iiioi Ihdi vao nong nghiep. Nen

nong nghiep noi rieng, nen kinh le noi chung da chuye^n sang inOI trang

moi dAy tri^n vong.

RuOng dA't la lu" lieu san xiiAt quan trong nhA't cua nong dAn, ngay

tfr giira nam 1988 nhieu dja phiiong da tien hanh giao ruong on djiih de

ho ndng dAn sir dung lAii dai, nhieu liO ndng dAn rAt phaii khdi nlian

luOng, day manh thAm canh tang nang suAi, nhieu hop tac xa da ehuye^n

sang kinh doanh dich vu cho cac hO, dac biet tfr 1991 deii nay viec thirc

hien chii trircrrig cAj) giAy chirng nhan quyen sir dung dAt dai cho cac hO

nong dAn. Nha nude md lOng cho vay vdn deii cac hO ndng dAn thirc

hien ciiOc vAn dOng xoa ddi giam ngheo. Md rOng quyCn tir ehii kinh

doanh cho khih te hO, san xuAt ndng nghiep phat trie^n. Kinh te hO ndng

dAn ddi sac. Tdm lai trai qua cac giai doan khac nhau ciia san xuAi ndng

nghiep, kinh te hO ndng dAn da tir khang dinh ininli, qua trinh KW\ mdi

quan ly kinh te'ndng nghiep d^ tra ve quydn tir etui vdn cd ciia nd.



2. Kinh tehd ndng ddn Viet Nain^ tndt dolt li sdn xudt kinh

doanh, tu chd.

A, Dieu kien tir nhien, xd hdi, kinh te dnh hirdng den sdn xudt

ndng nghiep.

i



Khi hau va thdi tie't nude ta thich hop cho viec phat fri^n cac loai



cay nhiet ddi vdi san pham da dang, phong phii cd the' thoa man nhu

eSu tieu dung trong nirdc va xiiai khau, chAng han liia, ngd, sAii, to tam,

trAu bd, vit, ga.., san phAm nao cung cd kha nang tang nhanh ve tiem