Quan hệ giữa hộ nông dân với HTX

23



trong hoat dOng san xuAt cua minh, bang chinh lao dOng cua ho nhung

ho c^n phai cd sir hgp tac vdi nhau. [ 14]

Ddi vdi ngirdi tie'u ndng, Mac va Angghen cho rang nha nude vd

san phai diing nhung bien phap het sfrc ty mi, kien tri de' lien ke't hg vdi

nhau.

lYaianop - nha kinh te'ldn cua Nga da nghien cfni sAu sac sir g<4n

bd dung hgp ghra kinh te'hO ndng dAn va kinh te'hgp tac xa. Ong cho

rang kinh te hgp tac xa ra ddi va phat trie'n khdng pha vd kinh te gia

dinh HTX la sir bo xung cho kinh te hO ndng dAn, phue vu cho kinh te

ho ndng dAn, ne'u thie'u kinh te'hO ndng dAn thi HTX tdn tai khdng cd y

nghia gi ca. Theo ong HTX lam nhirng edng viec ina lam d gia dinh

khdng cd hieu qua bang lam d i n X . [14]

Chang han nhu khAu che bie'n ndng san dich vii ky thu At, tudi

tieu, khuye'n ndng, v.v...

llieo cac nha kinh die'n ciing chi ra rang hinh thfrc kinh te' hgp tac

xa chi cd the' dugc ra ddi tren nguyen tac dAn chii, tu nguyen, tie'n hanh

tung bude hgp ly, khdng ndng vOi, khdng pha vd kinh te' gia dinh ndng

dAn qui md vira, nhd.

Viec khdng tdn trong nhung nguyen tAc eiia lirX ndng nghiep d

tren la ngudn gdc sAu xa sir khdng thanh edng cua HTX d nude ta cung

nhu d cac nude xa hOi chu nghia tnrdc dAy.

Kinh nghiem d cac nude TBCN, cac trang trai gia dinh muon di

vao hoat dOng cd hieu qua, phai cd sir tac dOng true tiep va gian tie'p

cua cac nude thong qua cac chinh sach vi md.

Tuy la nhung don vi kinh te tu chu san xuAt kinh doanh, nhung

cac trang trai gia dinh khdng the' hoat dOng don dOc, ma phAn Idn deu

tham gia vao cac hoat dOng kinh te hgp tac vdi cac nOi dung va hinh



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thirc khac nhau, sir dung cac dich vu kinh tc'ky thuat cua MIX phue vu

cac nhu c^u tnrdc, trong, sau san xua't ndng nghiep, dam bao dau vao

va d<1u ra cua san xua't vdi chi phi tha'i) va Igi nhuan cao va bao ve Igi

ich cua trang trai gia dinh, nhirng vAii duy tri dirge quyen lam chu cua

minh. [28J

Mdi quan he giira kinh tehd ndng dan va kinh te'llTX la nhfmg

dac diem sau.

Quan he giira kinh te hO ndng dan va kinh te IITX la quan he

giu-a hai chu the! kinh te khdng the' nao thay the nhau dirge. Sai lam cua

tap the' hoa ndng nghiep tnrdc day la da phu nhan vai lid chu the' cua

kinh te'hO ndng dan.

Kinh te'hd ndng dan khdng hoa tan trong kinh te tap the', kinh te'

tap the'khdng loai tnr kinh te'hO ndng dan. Kinh te'hd ndng dAn la co sd

de' phai trie'n kinh le HTX, ngirgc lai kinh te IITX ciing phat trie'n thuc

day kinh te'hd ndng dan cang phat tri(?n. |21]

Kinh te ho ndng dan va kinh te hgi) tac xa la nen kinh le da dang

ve qui md ve loai hinh va ve liinh dd, trinh dd chuyen mdn hoa tuy

thiiOc vao trinh dO phat trien cua phAn edng lao dOng xa hOi. Tuy thuOe

vao dieu kien tu nhien, xa hOi, khdng cd md hinh ve co cAu san xiiAt

chung thong nhA't cho ca kinh te' ndng hO va kinh le' IITX trong qua

trinh san xuA't hang hoa kinh te'ndng hO gan bd vdi kinh te'HTX theo

nhieu ki^u khac nhau cd kie'u phi to chfrc, cd kie'ii cd td chfrc. ] 15]

Kie'u phi to chfrc la cac hO trao doi lao dOng cho nhau nhu doi

cong, vAii edng mang tinh tlidi vu.

Kie'u cd to chfrc, cac hO ndng dAn tu nguyen gdp vdn cung kinh

doanh nhung vAn giir tu each la don vi tu chu san xuAL



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Ilgp tac xa o day khdng tnre tie'p san xua't ma lam nhi'mg chfrc

nang dich vu dAu vao dAu ra edn cac hO ndng dAn lam khAu san xuAl ra

hang hoa.



b) Quan he giird kinh le hd ndng ddn vdi Nhd nude.

XuA't phat tfr vai trd vi tri quan trong ciia kinh te'hO ndng dAn ddi

vdi su phat trie'n ndng nghiep, ndng thon de' hd trg, thuc dA'y kinh te hO

ndng dAn phat trie'n. Kinh te hO ndng dAn cAn cd sir giup dd cua nha

nude, nha nude hd trg ndng dAn giam bdi nhirng nii ro cua thien tai va

dac biet anh hirdng tieu cue cua co che thi tnrdng. Trong kinh te hoe

cua Paula Sarnuelson, quan die'in ve thj trirdng cd dieu tie't, da chi ra

khuye't tAt ciia eo che thi tnrdng. De' cho nin kinh te vAn dOng phat trie'n

lanh manh, "ban tay vd hinh" cAn cd sir can thiep eiia "ban \ny hiru

hinh" cua nha nude nham khac phue nhfrng khuyet tAt cua co che' tiii

tnrdng.

Nha nude khdng dung ngoai cac qua trinh phat Iric^n kinh te' dac

biet trong nhung thdi di^m bude ngoat chuye'n hudng kinh te'.

Nha nude co sir anh hirdng rA't Idn deii viec phat trie'n kinh te'iidi

ehung va kinh te'hO ndng dAn ndi rieng dd la viec xAy dung ket cAu ha

King, bao trg gia ndng san, nha nude c<4ii cd cac chinh sach di6u tie't vi

md de' tac dOng vao san xiiA't, liru thdiig hang hoa, cung cAp thong thi

cho ho ndng dAn.

Nha nude ho trg vdn cho cac hO ndng dAn vay vdn vdi lai siiA't

thAp. Hay 6n dinh gia d^iu vao nhung vAt tu cho san xuA't ndng nghie]).

Hoae la dAu tu dao tao can bO chuyen giao ky thuAt cua nha nude tac

dOng vao gia mua ndng san va ty le giua nd vdi gia mua vAl tu san xiiAt



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ndng nghiep cd anh hu'ong Idn de'n hd ndng dan, lira chon san xua't cay

gi con gi, sd lirgng hao nhieu.

Gia mua ndng san, sd hrgng ndng san hang hoa la nhan td lac

dOng tnre tie'p de'n thu nhap bang tien cua cac hO ndng dan, tao ra tiem

lire tham canh tieh luy vdn eiia ndng dan.

Tdm lai nha lurde cd vai trd to Idn de'n viec thuc day, hd trg cac

hd ndng dan phat trie'n.



II. KINH it H p NONG DAN Vlft I NAM : Illirc TRANG,

NIlllMG VAN Dft.



/ . Khdi bfdc ve kinh le hd ndng ddn qua cdc giai doan.

Nam miroi nam qua, ke' tfr khi khai sinh nirdc Cdng hoa Xa hdi

ehii nghia Viet Nam, lieh sir dan tdc ta da chuye'n minh qua nhieu giai

doan, bdi canh thdi eude ludn anh hirdng de'n ndng nghiep va trong ddi

sdiig kinh te hd ndng dan d mdi giai doan.



a) Thdi ky irudc khi co hop tdc xd ndng nghiep {I960).

Xet chung eiia thdi ky nay la san xua't ndng nghiep dira tren eo sd

kinh te ho ndng dan la chu ye'u, niOng da't chii ye'u thiiOc sd hiru tir

nhan, niOng cdng dien chira de'n 10% (hen tieh canh tac, viec mua ban

i-udng da't dien ra ra't thuan Igi va don gian. CuOc cai each niOng da't bat

dau vao cudi 19.i3 dau 19.54 mdc lich sir lam thay doi quan he kinh te',

chinh tri giira cac Lang Idp trong xa hdi ndng thon, mdi tnrdng va dieu

kien san xua't ciia cac hO ndng dan thay ddi can ban.

Tnrdc cai each nidng da't, tren 90% dien tieh canh tac tliuOc sd

hiru tir nhan, trong dd hon 80% trong cac phu ndng, dia chii, hing Idp



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ndng dAn ngheo chi chie'm 17% dien tich canh tac, Kinh te hO ndng dAn

dndng tlidn phAn hoa, cac gia dinh dia chu, phu ndng mOt mat di Ihue

mudn lao dOng va tien hanh kinh doanh ruOng dAt mat khac danh mOt

sd dAt cho cAy re dien tich cho cAy re khong qua 20% tong dien tich

canh tac. [12]

Mot sd cac ho ngheo, mOt sd hO tu td chiic san xiiA't, con da sd di

lam tliiie cho dia chu, phu ndng, hoae ITnh canh.

Quan he hang hoa riiOng dAl trong thdi ky nay da dAy manh tieh

tu ruOng dAt vao inOt so ngirdi giau. Nhirng ngudi lam thue thd a vdi

niOng dAi, va nhung bien dOng cua lich sir nang suAl rAt thAp hAu nhu

dAm chAn tai cho. Sau cai each riiOng dAt, hang trieu hO ndng dAn duoc

cAp niOng dA't, duac giai thoat khdi che dO cay tliue eude mudn, da sd

ho ndng dAn deu cd mOng va tnre tie'p san xuAt, su*c san xiiA't cua nen

kinh te tie^u ndng duac giai phong khdi nhinig trdi buOc eiia cac quan he

phong kien da anh hudng nhi6u dOn phat trie^n san xiiAt tir 1954 6tn

1959, gia tri san lirong ndng nghiep mi6n Bc4e tang 35%; binh quAn indi

nam t^ng 7%. Trong dd gia tri san lirang trdng trot tang 29% (binh quAn

mdi nam tang 5,8%). Nam 1959 san lirang Immg thuc qui thdc toan

mien BAC dat 5,6 trieu tAn, dd la con sd ma tu tnrdc va ca hang ehiic

nam sau (196M971) chira nam nao dat duac.

Nhung thanh qua dd dua tren ca sd ho ndng dAn ca the^ vdi nhirng

hinh thfrc hiep tac gian dan, tren nguyen tac tu nguyen va tu do san

XUAI,



liru thong hang hoa. Ngay khi chia niOng dAt cho cac hO ndng



dAn, xac dinh quyen tu chu san xuAt cho cac hO ndng dAn phong trao

hop tac lao dOng, hiep tac san xuAt phat trie'n rAt nhanh, cd tac dOng

tich cue tdi tirng hO ndng dAn.